tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-61463814061531660872024-03-21T05:10:25.103-07:00BEL260 - Intermediate EnglishJohori Johanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09545883859701396329noreply@blogger.comBlogger21125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146381406153166087.post-20170857619261642672011-04-14T11:27:00.000-07:002011-04-17T14:47:09.592-07:00Neither last word nor last hope<div style="text-align: justify;">Hello there! We have learned a lot of things in this course (BEL260) through out the whole semester. It provides us with a lot of new things that can enhance our soft skills. I am pretty sure that with this kind of knowledge and informative input, we can achieve great outcomes at the end of the day. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">I am going to take this opportunity to say a few words, to express my feelings and gratitudes. But before I am going to start, let me share with you guys something that people never curious about. It is about how you judge and make any kind of assumptions upon your lecturer. I've known a lot of lecturer since I was studied at UNITEN before this. I like to observe the way they react upon their students attitude. But mostly, I try to implement some of their teaching method when I am having my presentation. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">I do understand that it is difficult to create a fun learning process in the class especially if it is related to English subjects / courses. So in order to overcome this matter creatively, many kind of activity have been done in order to grab the student's attention. What I am trying to say is based on my own experience. I admit that I am always skip classes and come late. But I do realized when I keep on with this kind of attitudes, I will be left behind. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">I have been thinking a lot lately, thinking about my future, what I am going to be after I graduate, will I survive in this world, an do I have the courage to encounter any incoming problems. Most of my friends have almost finished their study and even some of them are doing their practical now. And the question is where am I right now? These matters do encourage me and sometimes it don't. But when I see any lecturer stand in front of the class and give a lesson, I will be motivated indirectly.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The effort shows by them is genuine. It is their responsibility to teach students, to let them understand about what have been learned. The way they talk and react gives you strength to learn. They are able to tolerate with most of the reasons given and provide full support for those who are interested to learn and commit. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">And the question is, why I am so curious about this matter. The answer is simple. Because one day, I will be on of them, stand in front of the class and teach the students on how to live your life. That's what I going to be for the next 5 years. Hence, I would like to say "I am Sorry" if any wrong-doing things that I purposely or accidentally did and please do pray for my success. Cheers!..Thank you.. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div>Johori Johanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09545883859701396329noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146381406153166087.post-38491533355638899442011-04-07T10:55:00.000-07:002011-04-17T11:00:25.464-07:00Argumentative Essay<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In this kind of essay, we not only give information but also present an argument with the PROS (supporting ideas) and CONS (opposing ideas) of an argumentative issue. We should clearly take our stand and write as if we are trying to persuade an opposing audience to adopt new beliefs or behavior. The primary objective is to persuade people to change beliefs that many of them do not want to change.Here is some example of argumentative that I wrote before.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><u><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Question<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></strong></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><u><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
</span></span></u></strong></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Certain television programs are considered to be unsuitable for children. Do you agree or disagree? Give your opinion<o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></div><div class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
</span></span></strong></div><div class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
</span></span></strong></div><div class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Introductory Paragraph<o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></div><div class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
</span></span></strong></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Children love to watch television with their family and friends during free time.</span></span><strong><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"> As far as our concern, television programs</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">can be a wonderful educational medium that can generates children’s imagination and idea during their learning process. Unfortunately, there is some poor content that is not suitable for them because it doesn't provide them with any educational value. I absolutely agree that some children's television programs do more harm than good, especially when the program has violence, inappropriate language, nudity or sexual content. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Body Paragraph 1<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Children’s television programs do more harm than good because it provides the violence contents. We forgot that children spent most of their time watching television at home. By coincidence, they watch the inappropriate programs without any of their parent concern. For example, the wrestling programs, ‘Smackdown’, show a few years ago were being tried in order to practice the movements they saw from the wrestlers in the show. As a result, there were victims at home after the shows on TV. Therefore, children should not be allowed to watch violent television programs because they are easily influence to it. This is because they are unable to compare between reality and fantasy and they will try to copy what they see on television. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Body Paragraph 2<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Other disadvantages of children’s television programs is it content inappropriate language. For the past few years, a lot of children’s television programs contain an inappropriate language that can give a bad influence to them. For example, cartoon programs like Family Guy, Futurama, The Cleveland Show, and The Simpsons contain a lot of bad language. <span class="apple-style-span">Some parents feel although it is inappropriate, their child is likely going to learn or hear about similar topics by other kids at school so they will let their children watch these types of shows at home. Parents should change their perspective about this problem because at the end of the day, their children will be influenced by these type of language that may lead them into social problem when they grown up. Hence, parents should monitor and be more concern on what type of television programs that is suitable for their children to watch.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Body Paragraph 3<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Another harm impact of children’s TV programs today is the nudity or sexual content. Since it is not mentioned what to watch at home, they get tuned into some channels, which are made for adults. The shows or the channel contain talk about sex, and other adult directed topics. Every kid wants themselves to turn to older people sooner because most of them want to be grown up. Therefore when they are hearing and watching this kind of programs, it influence over to their social life. For examples, many children that going to turn up into teenagers is mostly used to have pre-marital sex that can lead to a major problem which is pre-marital pregnancy. Hence, parents should take precaution by not letting their kids to watch this kind of programs.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Some people believed that television can be a powerful learning tool for children’s education. However, it can also be very destructive and this statement made my opinion clear that some of the children’s TV programs are unsuitable for them to watch. As conclusion, parents should monitor what their children are watching and set limits on time and content. If this prevention is taken, most </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">problems occurred will be prevented effectively.<span class="apple-style-span"> </span><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;"><br />
</span> </span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></span>Johori Johanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09545883859701396329noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146381406153166087.post-87977255416670399262011-04-05T10:27:00.000-07:002011-04-17T10:43:07.749-07:00Full Essay<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Previously, we have learned to write the introductory paragraph and body paragraph. Hence, I would like to post my group's full essay as for your kind reference.</span><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Prior to the 1980’s, predatory animals were rare sights in rural areas in Malaysia. Even in wilderness areas, bears, tigers, and other predatory animals were rarely being spotted. As far as this concern, people that were attacks with these kinds of animals are not always the friendly animals. Between 1989 and 1995 there have been 14 tigers attack peoples. In one attack, a rubber tapper was killed in his rubber farm near Negeri Sembilan. Attacks by bears and alligators are also increasing during this period of year. This statistics shows that there is an increasing of wild animal attacks. The reasons why these animal attacks peoples are because they are hungry, feel threatened and try to protect young.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">One of the reasons why these animal attacks people is because they are starving. When there is no food in their habitat, they will go to the nearest place such as village to find food. These animals are also likely will attack a livestock animal at the village. On the other hand, when the livestock were all eaten by them, the beast will attacks people to fill their stomachs. Hence, because of the extreme hunger, the wild are brave enough to attacks human. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Other than that, these animals are also attacks people when they feel threatened. In some situations, they will attacks human no matter the person is their master or not. So, they will attacks before being attacks or getting hurt. For example, dogs have a tendency to attack if it was within the public or places that have many people because the tumultuous circumstances would cause the dogs fear. As we can see, when these animals were afraid and threatened, they will attack anyone to save themselves.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Besides that, one of the most reason why these animal attacks people is because they try to be the safeguard of their young. Human should not disturb when the female was with her young, especially if the child is newly born. This is because, the female was very sensitive and they think the human wanted to take their child away. In order to protect the young, the female will attack human immediately. As we can see, these animals are willing to do anything to safe their child from peoples. </span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
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<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> In conclusion, people cannot blame the animals because these animals have their own reason for attacking man. When the animal feels hungry, threatened and try to protect young, they will attack human. So, people should not disturb the habitat and population of these animals to avoid from being attacks.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;"> </span><br />
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LhcApO+oc7TbntT9x1wbhcU6pXieE9MEgSDHMgf4oTw19lTaHkuPYhK0JIISkETF7z+FBzj0M4y7LExzSkaFhQ0qSBBEgpGwINjaKGvpaupPlPNKjb2UeXyP41OzfMw4UhPwptQ/ENgi9R5ci5OiiENbPOXZinW4VhKEoaWUCBJUSkWPMkTzqvvtNzh10YdGkpaabCd7LX/MT2ECAfX0bjhk6qKK4bZxDKkOXCh8jyI9DQxyU0FLHoprB5klp8P4SUFOklszGw1AXuAq0G8Xr6C4J4qTi8OXWwA7pgoJMagDp7XJif0r5zzjKV4XEKbVug+x6H0O9WR9mbi2sTeUBQBKCDNx+I3q+JLKOi08p4e14NbeLSnW+pbrqQbIWsz5FC/lgQreRNLfDweXm/3fGqS790YKsMoi6wtSR4xGxc0wknkQfWnXM8V/2rq0wSGnCOd9Jt135UFyXKXS7g33UBC2sL4SipULJUEkjQAeaZuq17XtooCfa5gl4s4bBMxqcUp1wzGltFpPuqw6ilnilbeGSlkJC40paSCLaRdR5GCCT7b05cLZm3jnsVigAPMGETuENg/KVKKvSKr3HYBT72IxKSNJXoaUVKJCGzp1J6Ake9/dWVJLY/E3dADMccXIS4AkzIJAjuN9ucUz5Aplsh1SkA6kgIWtIiJi5sJseo3oK5kxcVBsfLqufX9RXdfDZ1hcCQbdfUzuanU0lRQ8bbsmYzilpWMUHEKc0SlISoBMWkp5kVJzfOw6oNlAaZbSSAnqRGpRi5iYt13mlbO8HpcQ+pBOlSdcGJ5C3Xa/pR3F5aH2y6wqUrSJHToL7CT9acsn2LljaOeDuUjUYCiraNJj4hEG8A78+9c8ZhPJ8BUAPMeUAkgg+kj2FaUyQsp82oCCSeQF0K5G9walEhTUAE3An+oSOY+EnY+xpokKZYgKHgrjwihJQq8XEET1tI9KT8a2UrUkm6SQfa1Mn3v+CEzK0gpG8aBF1ciZOn59aV+JG1DFO3sVTYf1AGPrWONm8qOcd6yoXhq61lZ4weZdWfZy5DZQCgpsT3PTrTBka1aBPmJuSTSjjM5T4pZdG5Ok8o9aJZFn6C54CFEmK8mUXJps1KmFeMM1Q2zpEEqEVXGEeEmfiVKvbYfSKfuJcCBh1rc+feqowebthx1aikqMJQmbwm89AJ/CnRbaZXiSXQRzbMChEC5Pf50kZ1h5hRj4VG29MT7SnTKjA5Vzx2Vam1ieRgxIv1+goscuLHZI8kTuFocw7eiJiCO4j69xTOxl53UL9f1pR4BbPhqRI1NrI9ee/wC9qfMG4SNKkn9+nOunqTAjuKAuCwavviUjygJKjtBuOQqxsvbJBBJHMRuOdJOYHwn2Vr8RLZJHiJMiTyUDytv9eVNzOaBK0KBKk7ak3EdSNxfncelUYY1snyuwhxG0gsSsDylJmNiCDNFX8GlxEHmBfnbY/OhWcrD+FcS2oEqSdJkETUPhzixS20IdYdbeTCVJIABi2pKiYIt61USiLnLJYdUhQuD+z71DTmkCjn2jslT4WkH4QI/4FV/isQodRUfjTbosWdUH38+ioiuKO9K7zy1VxOFJo1hQt52MbvEo61tPFzgEBVLzeDqxMi+zTxW5KgQ60lbLqfgC/wCZtxO4PKf7T6UfiiB5pADJcKMbifGeBUGW1rkiZKANIPWCoGOwFb4ZxKnM1YQlXdUGRcXA6iLe1R8fiF4ZDraLQj+IrleNSEnoSEDVzggbk1M+xTAqfxrr5kpbSB7qsPomnKNGPI6ovkIgbSKq3iM5his1Wy1iEttsIDraUpJF/KNQ31Ez7VY2KzAN/EYt1qr8LxNh2c6K/GCziEltxNtKIuga53kAEdzW0LRP4QSrL8A/46ShSVqQm3xOL/mT1Eke013b4fbYYS1c2BUVf3R8vMBbtRzjNoKSyFQG0vtrWeWhIJ/GBU7F5aHk6tQuPaCKVlTkqQzG6dsQH8MNY6BKRynYQDHM1EyzMkqK03lJKTPUW/T507Ynh8mIHKx6GOfy/ClX/ppxvErc0q86QCmOSOaep61G4NK2WxyJ6PTmXIfQUFPxCD6xv6j6Ur5B4mGfcYNym4tZSDzjbv6zT3lyJmLXv0nc++1qG8R8NLWpOIYALzX8p2Wnmj16d6BP0E3TsXszwel0OghKF+VQvCT7d71xxra/DUpskQPhTcQmAo3M9Ljl0vBRZU9hypkwoggg3hQ5Hv0rTLCllKG1kHmCfMZTpVIHW/7FWYZ8lT7RNlgou10EsjwrelKrK1G5FidQOrUJkyBt6dKWuJsCE4p0JTACtulhb50Qy/HKaUoBJ0qKQnbSHEm6VDkDcbiuuYYE6yVCCq56atjHaRPvTmxD6FT7t2rKOqwVZQ8kDRvGPfeYIOkIF1d6l8GYotuKgalT5TzqJglpBKFCxN6I5ZikjFBTQtMRXnOkqQ3G7dsI/aJninMPBkFNykH8vSq84Zy1D6i9Hmk2vHr60x8Q4zUpw/FJNj6kf4obwQ8kIUiRq1G1vzolJ8GWKCTQwDBAgbEDceo+tBlqKlPNwZCJFzY3787GmTxCFGxkAcrTS7xF4uDdGKCApK06V27gzH0ocat0HN0gf9nb8eK2U+ZKpPUzbbrP41YmEVISTJSogjqki8HnH61Wq1KQ8MVhdPmutG2q95FWDwtxVhcWQ2kFp3/41DpzSoU9w5O0TqfFUH05cl1PhuAKRf63B7EH8q94zhltTegSBEJWncHvG/I+ldlYFYPkI9FGPTzDn0kV6OP8ES624jYzGpPl7p9e3OqoQoRKRV2X8VYrL8ecO6SUFcQZ57KSTyPYmrvwj8oBjcVXH2g5IjGYX7wx53GgFiPi0zPrMAn2pk4D4i+94Noj4h5VT1T19aY1SEtnvGY9AWoubd6UuM14dxseGBq7U3f9LJdeUp0qIP8ALyqDnn2f6QVM7f0n8jXnRScuaMoqn7geldE5eacRwk/byQDzojg+BFn4yB6U154rVm0ICcuptyzK8UrCpQ3i1MtKK9SUJlWqQI1KICRF/KZM1vOMgOHMEzRbhbEo0qaXASbzcXjr0i/tTMeRSNQtY/7JXX0oQ28dKYJKwBMibBJI5xv+lOXAvCScqZcSFFxS1SVRAtYAD86Y2XkNj4vmRPMf4pJz/iJxbpCVQgSBHORufenSkkcK/FWdv4zEOpQ4WcM2Slx7aY+JKOZva1A8tyxWIJRg29DKbF1SQVLPWVbe007ZBkSXUlK0Ap1SqRCY5ADn6epNN+GyxtACUJSB2AgVqV7NYMZXOBLWJIISjTqJAmLjbnak7hfjjF+L91LZcBXZUQA2LJJ+Qv0qwsVlyTujUN6zBNNFYICQZEwIPYHtRUYMeX3QJ3i/rXPMAkRIkmYHfb5cveujeJSBAv0FYqCqbaoPyn/FA0CmAU5fqKiBBkagOZ5/mK9eDHOjhgf2/rS49mIWtSk/6bYMnlPY9uYpEsXtFEcl6FnPcB4Di32hKfL4zdhv/wCRPIKnfkZ5b1yGCDzfjMEgkG4ACrWKTOxFHcgQcQytxabPFQAt8Gw+lJuS5t92VrVOhK/CfnkUkpSv1Aieo9KVxad+x3K1RAZwimnWwokqWDqTO5FwD1nketHncT4knREBN+SZAUEkT0UR6p9a88b5SoLC0C2kqSqRPWEn1g+4qBkeLUHlIdOrx0eUlMedAETHMb96qu0TtUdyit014HLWi2knSCRcGKykbMorh1ZWSlAkjc11yvMwyoqBEtglXTahC80KA6UJ8pRMnnFrUByvHLUw8nefzvS1jtWw4R4vYSezJSndZ2dJV6KN4964Yd8svagfKTc+361H8TxUgpsmBbpHT6V0ZVq8qhI5zz71rSRTdjqxmXiATA9Df97fOiOGygutqbUdSFb3FvekvClSBCfMBsDuP/ajOX52pBAiDG3KdvekpUxjdog5twxiMCrVBcYHNN45X7d68MZlgXv9TWFjZTflV7el7VZmS51qEKE9bC42v1qRjuA8DjJKmPDWf52vIq/WLH5VXCpEk7iLHDvEbzCtC1HFsWhYjxkCNin+aB9asrJs2beH8JaXExtI1CNwpBuD61TvEP2S47DKnCk4hsjlGsAciDz7illrHvYZ4Fzxmlp2UsKSsdwrffkZETT1rsQ9n0qrKWydaBoVAEgRIHJQ58/nXjLeHWGHFraToLl1AfCT107TSNwj9sDTgDeKICo/1UAx/wC6BdJ/uTI9KsTD4lDqAttSXEHZSCCPmOdFYvZ6xaYGobivJKyNxFb8QcvMNiOY9Qb1AZUQtSEkwOXSakzRrfo1EvwdQitYpjS2o8wCaijFLRaK44zOPIUkpSSDuQKkxQgl8lsJtsEN5S3igVOrOroDEe1K+Z4LwllKSSBRLDtpKlfxAYPI2k9+ddHHMMRdwT2uaNfF0Eov6AQW4bSaxzAmJrMdnrSPgBKjsANSvkKHZjxeUjQEfxCLDYz/AHE7elM76GLE62NHDwWFADbpRbibHqZbCm4WpPm0A7wDMm/t3qvE4l9Kf47wSYnSmwHY7fnXnLM904hBjybSTvPRPSjU5LoLxL2x6yLixvEoBSsBZHwkjf05ioubP4hICgwFRfUlUbc5SJ+nKk/jLhZ7DL++4L/TPmW2LpSeatO0c+xpk4M+0hL7Y8UCQIMEFQ6ynciLyJ2vVUZCWjnlXELoUfK42raSNbc9yidIB5npNqaWOKtEF5PlOy0ypBH+5O3vU3DJw7oCkeGbnzIibHqPwmp7CUFREEHrESNtuf8AmjtAMTM3z13HuIZwerQow4opI0jeZNvl9KP53kSGsvW0gkQg3m5VvM9SfxpmZaSkWgfSoGeYRbnhpSAU6wVztpH+YobMTI+UZYGsKy3/AEISPoKrH7QclBx2gKKUYhtSlC0FaBy7x71cTu0VWH2yL8FGHfSmShSkkifhUIIJjY0pq2MiyF9nWM++4V3BOklbHwGYIRyE9jb3rWDyhvxHmXSfKfKVKOpKoHmTeyha/Y8qQPs+zs4bMGHAbOr0KSTbSoxc+t/arh49ynw3UYpHOEuCAZAuDEbxPy70a0bdgTDuoUkF51KXNlgxMptNwd4n3rK7aUm5AE3skEX7xWUVGWV1ihKIFpQU+/r6ignD606Vtn4pk+goziFhCnEKEJmR0gm/yP40Dcb8DEyR5VEipI7i0Vz1JMlZSmNSTYoJHtyNTFYeDO1c8cnw1B0C0Q4B06+oqchEpBG1r0Et7DjrR7Zdgbfh+FSfE1Xi8VGYYM2FEBl5typYwlZdnhbPm29Pzp5yPiNCr69Xaq8WyQRaiLGBTAUoFB3Ckkgj1I/O1apUDKFouLB47UAZ9q74vL23klLiErB5EA296rbLczxTYGgDEt9QQlz9FU2ZTxU0s6VqLSujiSgz081j86rhOyGeOuiBnH2P4F5J0I8BfJTdoPcTekIsZlkb41ErZJADgkoV0Sv/ADfoavJlyRvNcszy1vENLadSFIWIIP4+o3BpqYq/shZRjm8bh23gCkqHIkKSRYjUOh/4rnikLSh5bZBcCRBcgA6Z3Un1pK4WaxOT4k4fEHVg3lHw3uSV8gr+nVEEHnHerBzZMtaR/OQLd/8AFa1ejOmJmZcQFlvViHpJPwoGmf7QPiNKOPzt91UNo0KGyQNTsHmqfK2O6jPamjOOFEJxC1alaiZCtyE/0pJskegoPmWcYbBDR8Szs2kSonqo9e5qJx3RcmqtEPB5I74al4rErCbkgGEgd1xJ9oqNhUpdswgpaFi6qdSuzaVfiajHEu45f8Y6GkGfDBtPLUSLntRHG4giGWvKSLkfyo2kdDyFcwkYnFob1NYdCdQu44q6Ud1qN1K/tn5UPY8NKVPIGogKUXVjzqjmn+kenL6jsUoPODDt+Vhoguf3K6E873Nds+xhQ3oT8SiAPXl7ACfUCu/Dv0FvOOPgAj+ITqWozCE7hsf3Rv61vWFKiCSYTJ/LpvXTEYdWhIQQI3J58z9b14yg+dJMGVgD2E0V6MofuCeK16fBWnWlHluBMcpJ7VM4g+y/DY1Xj4df3d4wTA/hk9wII9RSJj1LwzqXUfAVecctM73/ABtvVm8NZqh5tK21BQ6DkRyrsc2u+gckF6K4xyc2y54POpKgFKJULpWOhUnlH9QFPnDvGjGKhTajqPxNK+MEAmGz/MOg9OlOuHcS4ClQChFwRYg+vKlHOPs8wzRLqGSUCVFLZhxJI3b0wYsLT+dVxZKNuEeDgsQobEdD0NTFYkIA1Ap+o+fL3qt8Y1imEeNhFqxDVvMILyUgJkKTA1i2x81MvBnHTeNZJsHEDzpE36qSN4/CtaAGFtYVJFx+9qqb7c84Z8BLF/EKgoAREDqNx9Kdsx+0fBsEpK4ImBBg9gdpqk+LsuxOMfViw0tLbziW0FV/isI7WoKCRD+zfhpWNxrQAPhtqClqA2i8T3IivoTjZucGsj+XSr2SRP0mhn2ccFpy5gpnUtcFSiBvAt7Uz4lIKVA7HlXSOXZUWDzwhAEbT35msoliMlw4WoLWEqCiCCgE2Mbzsdx2IrVZ5UN4MQs/Y8pMc457Gx/X2oXjMJrQk7kAfNP7NH0gPNDnqT1ke1B8tJGps3UmSPblbl+tSRdIrkt39kjxAprV1An8K5ZO7oV4KzYzoPUf0+ory6PDVc+RyR2Cv0N64owniNFEwtBsedvhPuK5L+jr/samsIAZFSdPSguScQJUPDXZxNiDzI6UURjBS2q0xid9HYMc/rU/Drj/ADtUZLlq9pSf8UNGktrAEGWFlpe8btk908vURUtji9TJ8PMGgEHZ0J1NnbcXjrUZh3TB/frRvD6HEaHEhaTYgifpTISrsROIYyvANQF4R5SEH+VCgtvnskyBc7Aij+WY1SpS4AFp3g2I/qHPe0HaqqxnDmLy9RxOWkqanUtg3Eb2B3H1pu4L+0XDY4hCv4WJEgtqsT10k7+m9WxI5oa8zy1vENKadTqQsQR+Y6EbzQXhlCm0rwzkk4dwBKjuppQ1IPeAdJ/20xk1AUiHioc0gH2NvxNMQoUvtcxDrOGS4xAUVBtR5gKBgjvI+tU8jC+CPEdVClfzLu4Z/wDjQbj/AHGvoXPEJd0NG+ok/JJv8zVHscNFpxeIxitRSTAIvY9Jj2pUlWx+N6om5C0pLeoo0A3SkmVH+5ap3PtXDPcx+7sqMy65YEW+W9gKko4jQptbukpbTsVbk9hypVyxpzH4nxFTpT2sANhSFG3bKOWqQcyLAeG2J+JV1cySaHZ07L/ZtOr3PWmbFaWwJ3MADn8qVnW58dfeJ9B60MduwpaVI7re/hDumfpXPDG7EcnR8jP5VrEj+EJHIVrJzKJ/pcT8ylcVyOY3oICpN07Eb2O9bHCBQS7gXiws7p3bM8inlUJ7E+G2FHawPYKtPsfzo7w3jCQB0Mfv2/Ohi6NmrR0y7jh/AnRmLJAJhLzYlB/CP+asbK81afQFNLStJ5gzv1HL3qB4bT7fhupC0kRBEg0CTwAMI4cRlyy2u8sqJLKx/Seae29Wrogl2HMbwzDinsMvwXFRqES2o2+JPUi0i9L6MpHjqKEfd8SPMUiNK+Xitn0MKTzEgjY00ZJnycQFJ0lt1EeI0oQpJ69CkwYI3rtm2W+KjynS4k6kK6KH5ESCOho06BsX8Lw0xi3E4p5IIAIDZFkOAwv18wMdqjZnmaMRjmcIyPKyvW5AsNF0gHbeLVvMw86gMtfwi69LnVMoKlD/AO6FCj+SZK3hkQm6tyo/ETzk1zNCak1FfUdqkKcmomIX5SkCVEW5e9A1Z0SvsxwC3HXFjWQVKgiYsY5W5VlO7DbTKQ3/AEgD33mspXAf5EUZw4/qbKT/ACEp9htb0r3jMFpUXBy3HY7+8VGwTP3fGrbULLuCdu9G8U3pHbme3P8A5qaWpaK47VMH4rBJdbI/lVcdj2oCH1IUVbrQNLiZ3SNlD2oyjElpwIN0Kug8uuk/KueZ4MJUl0X0yFHqk/iBY0S1pmPewRj2Nel5q6heeo6eoqZl+bzGuUnmDWsCgtO+Hukyps9jfT9TWs+yPxYWiykjbkY60Wnpmb7Q0YBzUBFTSf3+NJvDGaaVeE55VC0df2KdWlW/Kkyi4sYpWjth8Qkjkeu1FMud0mN+npQN/ApVe4Va6TBH671AxWduYUp8VJUkf+RG/wD7DlatSvoGRaWWYr9/v93oVxD9n2ExbgdSpTGIH86LSdwSOZ7iKh5BxOw8kKDqBtIJAMm4H76Gp+L4iZ1g+KiQeTg5+8cvpVMJUiWSsL8OZo+2oYXGHU7B8N4CEvJH4OAbp5i450YxJ0gq/dqguIDzIgzaUqG4UNlCOddnJUz5j5tN+V+sVStkzQJynM0vPKdvAGlHpzPzt7VVfHKPvWbKY1/w0wbG0m55RbanPOc6TgcOtcCQISnqo7D98qDZNkilMNLhP3gy4pS/iJXJgmCQB0oZsbFChxYnW41g2eUFXIdthTrknD6cO0BABiTb86H5Bws8nGuO4lsTPlNiD00xTpiwA0o2sKW42g09laZjjvHxzbbcEImdoBPrWZ1lvg4dwkSSSbT86EcOpKswUoqAOs2+lPnGOFlj19fnaglGqDjK7ExxEspJHKt5Kx/BeP8ASppX/wBSon6TR1vLwvDgxMDlH60H4fc0qdQRvYg9iR+BpXVjO6DOIAUgpiUkfNJqFw5jlYdzwnD5FSG1nnE+VR6xsedeMPiA0osqPM+GTzSeXttXR7DhY0qAI/d+1D06GVaLJyrGACRf9NuVHG82Tzt++lUu1kqyR4eJdb95sJt6USwrGZNCUYpLqf6XRAjufemxml7J542/RazjCXlhaVaHUDyrFwQf5VD+ZJ6e4g0Sw7yinzDSobiZHqDzFJPCnESwtLWISGlqHlvKVd0L2PO24tTi6uCD+71RF2iaSp0cVYIeLrHOCfUBQP8A+vrXN3FDVA6CpSXvKs9ATVdZtxMMOlTrhtO3MnkkUVnJWPP30RQHivi9vCtapGszpHU9PXnSW1meY40BbYSw3eNW5HpRfKeDUNqS5iFF9y0avhBgkW/PvWo6hJdyvN8SovgOAOGQNYFthY1lXI0/YabDkKyuo0qjjzJ1J0PpF21SfTrUnDrD7MyDIHO/T/NNnFGW68M4kCTpMbk1XXAGPJKsOsmRIvy9PwqOUHx/0VqdOzQwwcbcw6pCkfCefY/Ou+VPeIwkGJEpI9LGfWKlZ7g1MPoduUq8io9aGLScM7q/8TnxR/UYj22FA1aDTpg/McOpsaTsDKDzA6e34TRHLcwC0wfitI/MdqmZk3IFpHX99qX0swtSUEBQlSD25p9P1rl8ls1/F2gtjsqQ4Qr4Vj4VDefzFTcpzU2bXZY+o/qTXDBYrxE236dCORqSvDJXc2I2I3B7Gs/Gb+oModnp+95r0Ug8gaFYV+LKEEfzcjRNsbEUD0ERsTwlhXidSCkmPMgwZ7xXcfZzgiiEtKUrrrP4n9Kkn6VJwuZlNgJ/xXc2vYLgmFeCcq+6pKEFYSf5FKKgO6ZuB2/CmPO8X4bJPalJvOFAgxH60Q//AKhKYWNSTuFbGe1Ox/ya0xE8DbtFS5rxErFZk2hPmbbXEQIMXKtv3FWc0iSFbbRP/H50NRw9gUuhxtkNr5lBPPnBJHyosMLI8qoHcfpTPNCXsFY5RPWOzHQmT1/e1csTilLbKBaRvzqLn2VPONENJS4obDUEnpbVA2oijDFLY1JVMAGd9tpFq3vcWdf2it8Dwi+xiS4oBxJVPlmd+hj6TVg5mhDjJg3jb8vWpzDae81wxWDB5Vz5VtGLjehOyp7SFIUedgJ/WKWseot4rUNiZ9YFxubxf2p4zPh4C6SpBPS4+RpczbIHFJkr1REG4MjnzobQe/R5xmFS4IPK6VDcHqK84HEK1eG4IVEgjZQ6j9K85e+dISrcJI7GP3tXfEYfVEWKbpPcfl1pP4x/6iV4hBqZhsyJMHaetC/vB2WkpPa4I7GtoXt+/nSmg1THRjMGtIStIWmQoDmlQnzJO80zIzVLqP4ahI5T+B2NVi+5A+Iz0rWExelWrn3JJ+tMhmlEVPApFp4ZSil2eaTHyNVlmmSeK8guHygyAdpPOmXKeKCn4hKTvcz9aCcU4N95IOGKVj+ZMgOegBsZ2maqjmhImeKUWbRxNh2SElZVpgQkWr3j+LPGQAhJSJuTEne/YgX9qqnHOONuFK0qSsXIUIMnseVTcLxKQoJVdI/S596dYtje7nL4MJ1RymSfU+bnvWVCazswIiPSsrqOstVt4LSCBII9apzivBJwWYpcuELM2JA94pz+z3ijxWQhRFtrAD0tXb7Q+F/vbJKY1oEihoJO0c8ayMZhSG4JUm0GYO8mKVcrV4yFYd+Q4kkGfiV0IHIWqH9n3Ea2HDh3JAm9jb1PWmPibIfOMUxvadPMfvpFLcA1MGYNlUaF3KRpM9pg+sfnQrM8ErdJhQuk/S/anHLkjEN6zZQN4HQRAnnUfE4CRCh2J7gmD7x+PWkuLTHKSaEvB4tSla0WULKSdiR+fQ0xYXEhwSPcHcGgOZYPw1hzYTpV72Cu0H8aJMN31Jsv6KEWnvXSo2LCaVjbmaIsoIEpPeDtQhGl0cwQbHmDUzAYsnUhXxp+o5KpTQywiAo8h63roE1yQojv+VdULPUCgaCswLjfnXv7yfavKz1M15gGKyjbPX3mOtS2saYt+VQktCvaLbVjidoMYXGEdaknF3oE26esVsY49qzaBcbGFDiTfY9v0ro45aQb9IsaWE5okHe/zolhcwJNUQ/kyj3sTLAn0H8I+06CDBOxpT4ry5KFEtye3foJ9aLrzGOh+U+00PxigshXmEdRb5055sc1vQuOOcHoUXctcQvzABVjH4jv09a9MYkG8cppjzTCeLpKVSRzIMemoTStmeEcaSNSIF/NuDeRcfnelSq/iOi3WyQl014KDQzD4+p6MxBoKGJnRAnrXLEOG0e9YHAdq0vtQ8QrOreJJgdKmYTMik3oam1bKzR+Gf0D5YfYdxbbGJSEPISsCySfiTP9Kxcem1IvEnAa2ZWwfEa3v8SfWLEf3D5CmEO6dqlIzQ8/xvTIQzQ9MTN4p+ytE4x5Ijy2/uT+taqy1ZZhl+ZWHaJNyY/Ssov8lfQH+O/sVPs5URcWOrcVdHL2/KsrKrZLEpniVIGYWEelWXk6iWbmfKrf0rKyhC9gXhg+dX+41PxZ29PzrKygfQcRM4iHlV/sV/8Ak1Ky34G/9ifwrKykT6Hw7JDYh0+lc3j/AN2n/Ya3WUtdjGGEH9+9bG1ZWUARjZvXqsrK40zWep/c1jZuaysrTD0pVqjYtRvflWVlAwkQAfJ++oqRgHCFbnfrWVlc+jSXjH1eIjzHfqamZhbRFp3rKyuQLCmHUREGK7Z2kHDYkEW0G3LafxrKynYxEym2VGaktqP1rKytZ0TphVnzX51PZUaysoWMR2Sdq2usrKFhoHYlVSctEgzesrK472FxWVlZShp//9k=" 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" width="400" /></a></div><br />
</div>Johori Johanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09545883859701396329noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146381406153166087.post-48455196626202309162011-03-31T08:38:00.000-07:002011-04-17T11:27:39.142-07:00Subject-Verb Agreement<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=6146381406153166087&postID=4845519662620230916" name="1_Although"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Although</span></a> you are probably already familiar with basic subject-verb agreement, this chapter begins with a quick review of basic agreement rules.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Subjects</i></b> and <b><i>verbs</i></b> must AGREE with one another in <b><i>number</i></b> (singular or plural). Thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the present tense, nouns and verbs form plurals in opposite ways: <b><i>nouns</i></b><b><i> </i></b>ADD an <b><i>s</i></b> to the singular form; <b><i>verbs</i></b> REMOVE the <b><i>s</i></b> from the singular form.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQPXlO1t1v8mmGk6vRwmpiQhI0OTzYJrYao66egTBOLTan2EM2JX6osDyH-eIFYOCFRfckjT91AC7aKAJeYgpObMNL5y5-g8OVFacp8_vdzNtaMA-y07MWuzcohkTh0P_1rxSx88oV7dM/s320/sva+1.jpg" width="320" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These agreement rules do not apply to verbs used in the simple past tense without any helping verbs.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS-YVnQs7t9ExscJ0hw5XJq6ecmp9_q9wVUV8XBnxrQnFucVNoEDVCYAhbHRW7JcGzODxBenWUV6P6lbsqvDmrsZM4wf8L3ludNOTQze4hOGyczzKbuDeDliFIhAZkGKJg6tTz_ezUFnw/s1600/sva+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="85" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS-YVnQs7t9ExscJ0hw5XJq6ecmp9_q9wVUV8XBnxrQnFucVNoEDVCYAhbHRW7JcGzODxBenWUV6P6lbsqvDmrsZM4wf8L3ludNOTQze4hOGyczzKbuDeDliFIhAZkGKJg6tTz_ezUFnw/s320/sva+2.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The agreement rules do, however, apply to the following helping verbs when they are used with a main verb: <i>is-are</i>, <i>was-were</i>, <i>has-have</i>, <i>does-do</i>.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGqtzCRLyPQ3dX9f-V-2n433YfVfCdNhWMxazgrH84kA96__IT3H4CXsKqQ4-BzckPZAb989magsXTMw-ftxfSXDz8svaD3FEPS_9IKOr3XqE1Z96b6bwksyxhBkYKuxDx02IpCwaA-p8/s1600/sva+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGqtzCRLyPQ3dX9f-V-2n433YfVfCdNhWMxazgrH84kA96__IT3H4CXsKqQ4-BzckPZAb989magsXTMw-ftxfSXDz8svaD3FEPS_9IKOr3XqE1Z96b6bwksyxhBkYKuxDx02IpCwaA-p8/s320/sva+3.jpg" width="318" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The agreement rules do not apply to <b><i>has-have</i></b> when used as the SECOND helping verb in a pair. </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNsqR4q7GC7cbDnlmOnl5I-7MWQ6PtOd7Ukq5riPj3JimI9OodY_v56IH2sKiPj6Lo7Xnn4WV95nX6mCP9aqVeqOJsUdmjrh3F4Y13HJxk-2jO77xWagVdRMpvjL9KaHIocaC5idefXpg/s1600/sva+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNsqR4q7GC7cbDnlmOnl5I-7MWQ6PtOd7Ukq5riPj3JimI9OodY_v56IH2sKiPj6Lo7Xnn4WV95nX6mCP9aqVeqOJsUdmjrh3F4Y13HJxk-2jO77xWagVdRMpvjL9KaHIocaC5idefXpg/s320/sva+4.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">They do NOT apply to any other helping verbs, such as <i>can, could, shall, should, may, might, will, would, must</i>.</span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_dADEWFa0o10YavfbvxU6VedNgwbjm2Sdpu54PuYZc84gU6Yb-YRQbtLkmO96OMaxKs_FQnH2ivKRyI3etNfhE90yYi82sSJ28TX_fohAjGH7ex5WGNduQwyMIe_nsIXzmwi4CVaQksE/s1600/sva+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="169" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_dADEWFa0o10YavfbvxU6VedNgwbjm2Sdpu54PuYZc84gU6Yb-YRQbtLkmO96OMaxKs_FQnH2ivKRyI3etNfhE90yYi82sSJ28TX_fohAjGH7ex5WGNduQwyMIe_nsIXzmwi4CVaQksE/s320/sva+5.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The subject-verb agreement rules apply to all personal pronouns except <b><i>I</i></b> and <b><i>you</i></b>, which, although SINGULAR, require PLURAL forms of verbs</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Izdgksg-1ZYzxtOUFDoCuoLh_mhOYVGKQDPHMv8TPa00li2_HsvHtvdoz0Y-rJwSOokKsFXTLoORf9uWeWjXNTARpWBVs2PAY_ie59SW0-_V4ud4gFFqaR-Zh7SIqOeDmjXGLD4pnHs/s1600/sva+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Izdgksg-1ZYzxtOUFDoCuoLh_mhOYVGKQDPHMv8TPa00li2_HsvHtvdoz0Y-rJwSOokKsFXTLoORf9uWeWjXNTARpWBVs2PAY_ie59SW0-_V4ud4gFFqaR-Zh7SIqOeDmjXGLD4pnHs/s320/sva+6.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><u>Compound Subject</u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><u><br />
</u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p>The word “compound” means “made up of two or more parts.” Two or more words can be compounded or linked by joining them with any of three words:</o:p></span></div></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <o:p> <i>and</i>, <i>or</i>, and <i>nor<o:p></o:p></i></o:p></span></div></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Here are some examples of compounding:</span></div></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="font-weight: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTcyj1oyWL0B9_CrGzIGTbULAQgM-ioi29WFQA97Ob7Anv0EvoLHTwKrs2tvNg2lzaAKdrM7yTN8Wq-KCO7KwHh7lROPDiS5jSy9kYMAsaMnUXuPuHW-jey1r4UpZpzVFb_qo29-LVdF8/s1600/sva+7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTcyj1oyWL0B9_CrGzIGTbULAQgM-ioi29WFQA97Ob7Anv0EvoLHTwKrs2tvNg2lzaAKdrM7yTN8Wq-KCO7KwHh7lROPDiS5jSy9kYMAsaMnUXuPuHW-jey1r4UpZpzVFb_qo29-LVdF8/s1600/sva+7.jpg" /></a></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Compound nouns can function as a “compound subject.” In some instances, a compound subject poses special problems for the subject-verb agreement rule (+s, -s).</span></div></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="font-weight: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi46IiB4TYDoBeSZSop-Jf2B3H962vDc2dEQ9JFRiTcTOTTgLV_BRPplT3H68qUrQaZ_XL-_Qf7m26Hm9ZrjiCECXC08CKIfd8JxiviBe-maA1R1ootl0hAb6sPLLcy-8xJ1Wykwy1YkhE/s1600/sva+8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="79" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi46IiB4TYDoBeSZSop-Jf2B3H962vDc2dEQ9JFRiTcTOTTgLV_BRPplT3H68qUrQaZ_XL-_Qf7m26Hm9ZrjiCECXC08CKIfd8JxiviBe-maA1R1ootl0hAb6sPLLcy-8xJ1Wykwy1YkhE/s320/sva+8.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="font-weight: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b></div></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However, instead of using two sentences (as above), we may choose to give the above information in one sentence.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZkpPI8NEy6kBJamgPM-AFQS3pWP6Bmhgiy1hc3-syUJvLknt2uf1qg7ViD3zqW7Hby8RvXTyXWTanMBeQgwxSyu5ePls9cnXz56kWCoQBfq_gABsyqSBWTrQyU6HcJYbgb7dD0K-njrc/s1600/sva+9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="93" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZkpPI8NEy6kBJamgPM-AFQS3pWP6Bmhgiy1hc3-syUJvLknt2uf1qg7ViD3zqW7Hby8RvXTyXWTanMBeQgwxSyu5ePls9cnXz56kWCoQBfq_gABsyqSBWTrQyU6HcJYbgb7dD0K-njrc/s320/sva+9.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This sentence makes use of a <i>compound subject</i> (two subject nouns joined by <i>and</i>), illustrating a new rule about subject-verb agreement.</span></div></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Although each part of the compound subject is singular (<i>ranger</i> and <i>camper</i>), taken together (joined by <i>and</i>), each one becomes a part of a plural structure and, therefore, must take a pluralverb (<i>see</i>) to agree in the sentence.</span></div></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><u>SUBJECT-VERB RULE #1</u></b></span></div></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><u></u></b>Two or more singular (or plural) subjects joined by <b><i>and</i></b> act as a <b><i>plural compound subject</i></b> and take a <b><i>plural verb</i></b> (singular + singular = plural).</span></div></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoBodyText"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">You can check the verb by substituting the pronoun <b><i>they</i></b> for the compound subject.</span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="font-weight: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifq-jmIoR6MjC3FKR2STZZFqYEHK_nLCRTl5jTCVZyMk5Kpv5MqdnB2PJ2pYIQvqwWQdcQ4SRoHSWk4q6o2NcUhkphLMPCeSeCO5-t2tzIMkP06WkIGQB1eaJK_l6hd7RScqBZeeyQYAA/s1600/sva+10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifq-jmIoR6MjC3FKR2STZZFqYEHK_nLCRTl5jTCVZyMk5Kpv5MqdnB2PJ2pYIQvqwWQdcQ4SRoHSWk4q6o2NcUhkphLMPCeSeCO5-t2tzIMkP06WkIGQB1eaJK_l6hd7RScqBZeeyQYAA/s320/sva+10.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="font-weight: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></i></b></div></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="font-weight: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Or </i></b>and <b><i>nor</i></b> as joiners word somewhat differently from <b><i>and</i></b>. While the word <b><i>and</i></b> seems to ADD things together, <b><i>or</i></b> and <b><i>nor</i></b> <u>do not</u>. They suggest a CHOICE.</span></div></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="font-weight: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBtSLnk7SNFvsO4Trn_rYDX8t7n7evWJ1gYDmejiE86LZ4PCPsULVjUqk2DrTcVW4Yn2N-6Fz0t9-M4kSWtecEhzdQ9Kq5WXzXTabfsslANci9dbJ5iL9nYRNr4rGXEXsz5I_F851soLQ/s1600/sva+11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="84" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBtSLnk7SNFvsO4Trn_rYDX8t7n7evWJ1gYDmejiE86LZ4PCPsULVjUqk2DrTcVW4Yn2N-6Fz0t9-M4kSWtecEhzdQ9Kq5WXzXTabfsslANci9dbJ5iL9nYRNr4rGXEXsz5I_F851soLQ/s320/sva+11.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="font-weight: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="font-weight: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Look at this sentence.</span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBtSLnk7SNFvsO4Trn_rYDX8t7n7evWJ1gYDmejiE86LZ4PCPsULVjUqk2DrTcVW4Yn2N-6Fz0t9-M4kSWtecEhzdQ9Kq5WXzXTabfsslANci9dbJ5iL9nYRNr4rGXEXsz5I_F851soLQ/s1600/sva+11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="84" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBtSLnk7SNFvsO4Trn_rYDX8t7n7evWJ1gYDmejiE86LZ4PCPsULVjUqk2DrTcVW4Yn2N-6Fz0t9-M4kSWtecEhzdQ9Kq5WXzXTabfsslANci9dbJ5iL9nYRNr4rGXEXsz5I_F851soLQ/s320/sva+11.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="font-weight: normal;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This sentence makes use of a <b><i>compound subject</i></b> (two subject nouns joined together by <i>or</i>). </span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Each part of the compound subject (<i>ranger, camper</i>) is singular. Even though both words function together as subject (joined by <i>or</i>), the subject still remains SINGULAR (<i>ranger <b>or</b> camper</i>) since a CHOICE is implied.</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This <b><i>compound subject</i></b>, therefore, requires a <b>singular</b> verb to agree with it.</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><u>SUBJECT-VERB RULE #2</u></b> </span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Two or more SINGULAR subjects joined by <b><i>or</i></b> (or <b><i>nor</i></b>) act as a <b><i>singular compound subject</i></b> and, therefore, take a <b>singular verb</b> to agree.</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Note: </b>Two or more <b>plural</b> subjects joined by <i>or</i> (or <i>nor</i>) would naturally take a <b>plural</b> verb to agree.</span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtnYUy7hP9vMUa4ctqLz7K7Me6zBS-IRR2lMV91wqCC9SMOCSv2iZbpF2jbvzl9A4bt6O7CxzIBr569IrgLxHOwypR-DOEAPaL3j378K471x5CrQXTQlg4xnwek1L9cTeeoRiiqm7ggy4/s1600/sva+12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtnYUy7hP9vMUa4ctqLz7K7Me6zBS-IRR2lMV91wqCC9SMOCSv2iZbpF2jbvzl9A4bt6O7CxzIBr569IrgLxHOwypR-DOEAPaL3j378K471x5CrQXTQlg4xnwek1L9cTeeoRiiqm7ggy4/s320/sva+12.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However, <b><i>or </i></b>and <b><i>nor</i></b> can pose a more difficult problem.</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Thus far we have been working with compound subjects whose individual parts are <b>both</b> either singular or plural</span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix0YUbwQXL-rhLMgrDbVvv29h-tOQXDAKbwPxOkt-mvetcJoPfZFqkYsp-JqusfXRepPxsjFAn5jem6Bc_b7-jCVMjxJoDBrNVuPSdQjIzjRII7QTeMDhbUJxD76uzVTXI-30GoM8YmSE/s1600/sva+13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix0YUbwQXL-rhLMgrDbVvv29h-tOQXDAKbwPxOkt-mvetcJoPfZFqkYsp-JqusfXRepPxsjFAn5jem6Bc_b7-jCVMjxJoDBrNVuPSdQjIzjRII7QTeMDhbUJxD76uzVTXI-30GoM8YmSE/s320/sva+13.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What if one part of the compound subject is <u>singular</u> and the other part is <u>plural</u>?</span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgmL8FJWmAX_9RFD7X0Lrh877AMIwC9nIi99fFeq2kQaRN8VzV_kC3dmFUWITLlo97BcOevvfnTwMz3XyAyao92mZ7Qk8t-1pxddumIVpe2KB7KJTp3AvA_y757OpSbeVMmxisY5Keb-Y/s1600/sva+14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgmL8FJWmAX_9RFD7X0Lrh877AMIwC9nIi99fFeq2kQaRN8VzV_kC3dmFUWITLlo97BcOevvfnTwMz3XyAyao92mZ7Qk8t-1pxddumIVpe2KB7KJTp3AvA_y757OpSbeVMmxisY5Keb-Y/s320/sva+14.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What form of a verb should be used in this case? Should the verb be singular to agree with one word? Or should the verb be plural to agree with the other?</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span>If the individual parts of the compound subject are joined by <b><i>and</i></b>, always use a <b>plural</b> verb.</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihn-liE1QyuVoOTJX3Xnu3TJgXU_ZWeHN2Is4h_QfNVlwvgiN4REXbkOP_FSVupk-5to5c3XlwQGwDWfZWhjVFWPv3HLbSvOApofOdF8jAI2rkdDbSoMiRSbNb_vGuqMAZ5ucBrOEKUsQ/s1600/sva+15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihn-liE1QyuVoOTJX3Xnu3TJgXU_ZWeHN2Is4h_QfNVlwvgiN4REXbkOP_FSVupk-5to5c3XlwQGwDWfZWhjVFWPv3HLbSvOApofOdF8jAI2rkdDbSoMiRSbNb_vGuqMAZ5ucBrOEKUsQ/s320/sva+15.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span>If the individual parts of the compound subject are joined by <b><i>or</i></b> or <b><i>nor</i></b>, use the verb form (singular or plural) which will agree with the <b>subject <u>closer</u> to the verb</b>.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
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</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDpJYmUDrUJNw0SOaEl-tXejzH7Y8gcNXJ5B7LThs2z5cdxR13oNsHLlHsf3auXxAlBiLV5d9Oqd_MB7PlOL-UYrS-ejvTrFQAUnSm6sbF5I0j7DTjjCzdGu6-8hR6G8gZYnmtdp7UMmk/s1600/sva+16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDpJYmUDrUJNw0SOaEl-tXejzH7Y8gcNXJ5B7LThs2z5cdxR13oNsHLlHsf3auXxAlBiLV5d9Oqd_MB7PlOL-UYrS-ejvTrFQAUnSm6sbF5I0j7DTjjCzdGu6-8hR6G8gZYnmtdp7UMmk/s320/sva+16.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i><u><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=6146381406153166087&postID=4845519662620230916&pli=1" name="3 Group Nouns"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;">Group Nouns</span></a></u><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=6146381406153166087&postID=4845519662620230916&pli=1" name="3 Group Nouns" style="color: #cccccc;"><o:p></o:p></a></i></b></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><i><u><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=6146381406153166087&postID=4845519662620230916&pli=1" name="3 Group Nouns"><br />
</a></span></u></i></b></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Some nouns which name groups can be either singular or plural depending upon their meaning in individual sentences.</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdYhoDfOxjDOhRB7tnSMHG1Ith29rVNoaq2W1LV2yDUL6FnB5zOAxF0nOklxnyqbuerAAzkoxVRX1B-r9owYsXbSk_Zj82GMRZgbFlRN_p4YLYrtez5GLiG4f8mj2sizymh_UxkltWhwc/s1600/sva+17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="102" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdYhoDfOxjDOhRB7tnSMHG1Ith29rVNoaq2W1LV2yDUL6FnB5zOAxF0nOklxnyqbuerAAzkoxVRX1B-r9owYsXbSk_Zj82GMRZgbFlRN_p4YLYrtez5GLiG4f8mj2sizymh_UxkltWhwc/s320/sva+17.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Because they can describe either the individuals in the group (more than one – plural), or the group as a single entity (one only – singular), these nouns pose special problems.</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However, there are some guidelines for deciding which verb form (singular or plural) to use with one of these nouns as the subject in a sentence.</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If we refer to the group as a <b>whole</b> and, therefore, as a <b>single unit</b>, we consider the noun <b><i>singular</i></b>. In this case, we use a singular verb.</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqeOKl7IIrSS6Sy8i2qiP9Y44Fu9NJpbAga4bIE3erHS_AmRQusCSQbViLHF4sxj7HqlRmpOVVS4YyiKSUU5htRFX0EpQjydPsILgs0xG4rjq-4QrVitjT4lVK7h_nzW79tc6fPGLGmDw/s1600/sva+18.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqeOKl7IIrSS6Sy8i2qiP9Y44Fu9NJpbAga4bIE3erHS_AmRQusCSQbViLHF4sxj7HqlRmpOVVS4YyiKSUU5htRFX0EpQjydPsILgs0xG4rjq-4QrVitjT4lVK7h_nzW79tc6fPGLGmDw/s320/sva+18.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If, on the other hand, we are actually referring to the <b><i>individuals</i></b> within the group, then we consider the noun <b><i>plural</i></b>. In this case, we use a plural verb.</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaGe9Ovp_zbSm-pE2HAMCj7Sjfme6HIVWr7nsoxZs5IUu0rmwUqU5o428Upa8n5mM_PctwqsBofbMyKtVpTABxC_MeJsq32loflOHXQHUaypnYct38_9rozbQKAwUixoTRiaawQ-utm5c/s1600/sva+19.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaGe9Ovp_zbSm-pE2HAMCj7Sjfme6HIVWr7nsoxZs5IUu0rmwUqU5o428Upa8n5mM_PctwqsBofbMyKtVpTABxC_MeJsq32loflOHXQHUaypnYct38_9rozbQKAwUixoTRiaawQ-utm5c/s320/sva+19.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Of course group nouns, like other nouns, can also appear in plural forms (with an <b><i>s</i></b>).</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1n5f-L3IKvpotkMCg-BouWpVU8XpB6FrQiPFNWEer3hrasEbUcOjEtK7pyE3bnkqoawU-_QwdC0BUHZ2I5m8VOSsLUDRW7u-9qtLyiQOwuamw-ZmjpA7TnX3b1wG9XrAVEiui-fs9cLU/s1600/sva+20.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="92" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1n5f-L3IKvpotkMCg-BouWpVU8XpB6FrQiPFNWEer3hrasEbUcOjEtK7pyE3bnkqoawU-_QwdC0BUHZ2I5m8VOSsLUDRW7u-9qtLyiQOwuamw-ZmjpA7TnX3b1wG9XrAVEiui-fs9cLU/s320/sva+20.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">When used in the <b><i>plural</i></b> form, group nouns mean MORE THAN ONE GROUP. Thus, it uses a plural verb.</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSeO74lBtfk1f6-AcljthjePLfh8VY1-BgUfWNvIIhukzXHc21kL3K9Ew6KafROMs8d5WPBPqWjvvGkBCb8-8JAIE9raudtP4sL_DDxJHvFzYt7bVXEwNZNWdpklLtJn6qDAyovk02USM/s1600/sva+21.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSeO74lBtfk1f6-AcljthjePLfh8VY1-BgUfWNvIIhukzXHc21kL3K9Ew6KafROMs8d5WPBPqWjvvGkBCb8-8JAIE9raudtP4sL_DDxJHvFzYt7bVXEwNZNWdpklLtJn6qDAyovk02USM/s320/sva+21.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
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</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Thus, there are three important subject – verb agreement rules to remember when a group noun is used as the subject:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><ul><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Group nouns can be considered as a <b>single unit</b>, and, thus, take a <b>singular</b> verb.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Group nouns can be considered as <b>individual members</b> within a single unit and, thus, take a <b>plural</b> verb.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Group nouns can be given plural forms to mean <b>two or more units</b> and, thus, take a <b>plural</b> verb.</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;">Plural Form</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">/ Singular Meaning Nouns</span></span></u></b></span> </span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
</span></span></u></b></span></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Some nouns are regularly <b>plural</b> in form, but singular in meaning</span></div><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhThcXuvhYwB6kG_-KFV5TVgf15AvLymi_F7rKDESFV-TjjmPPwC9SxZuHyCH2wX2LAzBYdUNtSv0Ep89wSDZsq-JJUMVO-wlzpdaqEi6yOBNC946hMgGPcXe12uLOaJoTgyzG93d_KGrc/s1600/sva+22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="92" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhThcXuvhYwB6kG_-KFV5TVgf15AvLymi_F7rKDESFV-TjjmPPwC9SxZuHyCH2wX2LAzBYdUNtSv0Ep89wSDZsq-JJUMVO-wlzpdaqEi6yOBNC946hMgGPcXe12uLOaJoTgyzG93d_KGrc/s320/sva+22.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Even though these nouns APPEAR to be plural because they end in <b><i>s</i></b>, they actually refer to only <b><i>one</i></b> thing made up of smaller, uncounted parts. Therefore, they are considered <b><i>singular</i></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></i></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvvbAZEDVHoBYPn1nWBjbBAZK_WnrBGESWV_S5CbfBnov1rDa3UoyP_hfn_Lx2cvOLCQRGsGGOxXFccrHoTeX4QsO_wghjhd-g3bgmiGqMM3YRdxjFa4fxn-tB1JSPZCkFwbcOf-DH5uI/s1600/sva+23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvvbAZEDVHoBYPn1nWBjbBAZK_WnrBGESWV_S5CbfBnov1rDa3UoyP_hfn_Lx2cvOLCQRGsGGOxXFccrHoTeX4QsO_wghjhd-g3bgmiGqMM3YRdxjFa4fxn-tB1JSPZCkFwbcOf-DH5uI/s320/sva+23.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">You can see that substituting that pronoun <b><i>it</i></b> instead of <b><i>they</i></b> makes more sense here.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Another group of plural form nouns end in <b><i>–ics</i></b>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwrGaB_OQyvm-4d4S5zfBX-Ca3V3HAFR-a-1bAwBMOEJIDeIT8GQlVOwmHZ9aPCa-o4gjQcSp4Ze-UdUbvbLC0Jt0f7AFPegiB5rZWS2URiA9YHhGS974zbcmUgy6RXXP49UO6pC2O8Qo/s1600/sva+24.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="75" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwrGaB_OQyvm-4d4S5zfBX-Ca3V3HAFR-a-1bAwBMOEJIDeIT8GQlVOwmHZ9aPCa-o4gjQcSp4Ze-UdUbvbLC0Jt0f7AFPegiB5rZWS2URiA9YHhGS974zbcmUgy6RXXP49UO6pC2O8Qo/s320/sva+24.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Similarly, <b><i>it</i></b> is a more suitable substitute for any of these words than is <b><i>they</i></b>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These nouns appear to be plural (end in <b><i>s</i></b>), but <u>generally</u> refer to only <b><i>one</i></b> thing and are, therefore, <u>generally</u> considered <b><i>singular</i></b>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL4MOVixJU6Kl8npLeeBQPXV0oWaco35QxUMY82sLkhzNA0HF36ecINqQammumQeJWOTR6zDg87NOqhmXPE1Qjd-nO57H1rgZ9-jIdB9dHxrivMhoCH3eTGNoFF_D3Vcp4XgmJn1lUFAg/s1600/sva+25.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL4MOVixJU6Kl8npLeeBQPXV0oWaco35QxUMY82sLkhzNA0HF36ecINqQammumQeJWOTR6zDg87NOqhmXPE1Qjd-nO57H1rgZ9-jIdB9dHxrivMhoCH3eTGNoFF_D3Vcp4XgmJn1lUFAg/s320/sva+25.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NOTE: Occasionally, however, the –<b><i>ics</i></b> nouns can have a <b><i>plural </i></b>meaning: We can speak about individual parts of these wholes. In this case, we apply the same rule as applies to group nouns when we consider the individual members within the group (see Section 3.3): We use a <b><i>plural verb</i></b>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Note the difference in meaning and, therefore, in the verb chosen (singular or plural) between the two uses of the <b><i>–ics </i></b>noun, <b><i>statistics</i></b>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu5jJUE1Stumzbucio2x8MicdCzpj9teSP_MsukXrP74nElHN3VOJ5acIRdE083K1ssYHUEj-ly81AA3L0bq30qmaw5kl-N7HFdvGwfpnyXLo1KK_vN0tprTzWuTdnzHALOcAelGK-ubo/s1600/sva+26.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu5jJUE1Stumzbucio2x8MicdCzpj9teSP_MsukXrP74nElHN3VOJ5acIRdE083K1ssYHUEj-ly81AA3L0bq30qmaw5kl-N7HFdvGwfpnyXLo1KK_vN0tprTzWuTdnzHALOcAelGK-ubo/s320/sva+26.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=6146381406153166087&postID=4845519662620230916" name="5 Indefinite"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Indefinite</span></a> pronouns can pose special problems in subject – verb agreement.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The difficulty is that some indefinite pronouns sound <b>plural</b> when they are really <b>singular</b>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As subjects, the following indefinite pronouns ALWAYS take <b><i>singular verbs</i></b>. Look at them closely.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje23MLK9Nhdmnw3IaAAMeduXJ8Yf7DWEtss-WREjtu9sv4WEpVhB3k0ATCG2cSx58hpUhpIJP0ZUd8UwuRBb2MQ6fNS6jSpVrrXqnsTOsyovRp2iFWH9eVot_G1FwXxJTY33hydUPgjeg/s1600/sva+27.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="49" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje23MLK9Nhdmnw3IaAAMeduXJ8Yf7DWEtss-WREjtu9sv4WEpVhB3k0ATCG2cSx58hpUhpIJP0ZUd8UwuRBb2MQ6fNS6jSpVrrXqnsTOsyovRp2iFWH9eVot_G1FwXxJTY33hydUPgjeg/s320/sva+27.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These should be easy to remember.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisbyLsJ33HrRG7QrPjuL7E4zChlMXt_I_vaCd2OU5PuLlyc34fpvOhFVo4kno7cPmyDFLRKk8zh_BUO0t0hQZjHP3U2JXO2J2G5F4iIlFz21X8gXyxKitsD3WiJvFTRs1Iz6bm-elgWXg/s1600/sva+28.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisbyLsJ33HrRG7QrPjuL7E4zChlMXt_I_vaCd2OU5PuLlyc34fpvOhFVo4kno7cPmyDFLRKk8zh_BUO0t0hQZjHP3U2JXO2J2G5F4iIlFz21X8gXyxKitsD3WiJvFTRs1Iz6bm-elgWXg/s320/sva+28.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However, the following indefinite pronouns ALWAYS take <b><i>plural verbs</i></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4lg1ivVUTy-5djLYJXMakt0tNZoRkEwly05G5X8eGfb9rDDk9zxSEfIPKmo-Vem1AnowejgyLsW3XQyBrFkn635GtIU2pOFgtA55mSTFrsHetzQL5FVdK7-Hd1-btvBMqtNrZ2unh4NU/s1600/sva+29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4lg1ivVUTy-5djLYJXMakt0tNZoRkEwly05G5X8eGfb9rDDk9zxSEfIPKmo-Vem1AnowejgyLsW3XQyBrFkn635GtIU2pOFgtA55mSTFrsHetzQL5FVdK7-Hd1-btvBMqtNrZ2unh4NU/s1600/sva+29.jpg" /></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i><br />
</i></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTPim-n7ZcllQL1jCfiAJSvzEQi8efJNiYc70BBCHUiYulc8wnzoxOuLHEHNk2GoItJRYFqTxRmiHWcVNaIzPKSCk6STirEB_GvKwyDCQzrTlfk81hWsxMAwM487OQ9mbxRdpS7tEnbow/s1600/sva+30.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTPim-n7ZcllQL1jCfiAJSvzEQi8efJNiYc70BBCHUiYulc8wnzoxOuLHEHNk2GoItJRYFqTxRmiHWcVNaIzPKSCk6STirEB_GvKwyDCQzrTlfk81hWsxMAwM487OQ9mbxRdpS7tEnbow/s320/sva+30.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i><br />
</i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">EXCEPTIONS:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A third group of indefinite pronouns takes <b>either</b> a singular or plural verb depending on the pronoun’s meaning in the sentence. Look at them closely.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiazG5u_EAuEG_gNImgWQc3f5nJbjRAWL0YZUaCQ9ZDykKz5dJH28WqBKEe9Xzj4Liuy2eDIIIcTVdGd-8Sw6IlD1OzSNgUeGcbTqGrBSShKglhEDOFMQtCVQd8mXz1mrXbAVnzAohTgpU/s1600/sva+31.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiazG5u_EAuEG_gNImgWQc3f5nJbjRAWL0YZUaCQ9ZDykKz5dJH28WqBKEe9Xzj4Liuy2eDIIIcTVdGd-8Sw6IlD1OzSNgUeGcbTqGrBSShKglhEDOFMQtCVQd8mXz1mrXbAVnzAohTgpU/s1600/sva+31.jpg" /></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7udpo0ZjvmdN-Dm5xHlSRKzvVtkN5mCcRakaYFhPxmGwHgrdLa6usKTPkDtPiFKVFW9cXFxRFfPHLFWGi4TIi5ow_wv_ndKL2RWrb9Xt6MqWw2i0Qs0QeP5oRt49TF8AmM7-Y4_uYgQ0/s1600/sva+32.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7udpo0ZjvmdN-Dm5xHlSRKzvVtkN5mCcRakaYFhPxmGwHgrdLa6usKTPkDtPiFKVFW9cXFxRFfPHLFWGi4TIi5ow_wv_ndKL2RWrb9Xt6MqWw2i0Qs0QeP5oRt49TF8AmM7-Y4_uYgQ0/s320/sva+32.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=6146381406153166087&postID=4845519662620230916" name="6 So far"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">So far</span></a> we have considered subjects that can cause subject-verb agreement confusion: <b><i>compound </i></b>subjects, <b><i>group noun</i></b> subjects, <b><i>plural form – singular meaning</i></b> subjects, and <b><i>indefinite </i></b>subjects.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The remainder of this teaching unit examines subject – verb agreement problems that can result from <b><i>word placement</i></b> in sentences. There are four main problems: <i><u>prepositional phrases</u></i>,<i><u>clauses</u></i> beginning with <b><i>who</i></b>, <b><i>that</i></b>, or <b><i>which</i></b>, <i><u>sentences</u></i> beginning with <b><i>here</i></b> or <b><i>there</i></b>, and <i><u>questions</u></i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img height="131" src="http://www.towson.edu/ows/moduleSVAGR33.jpg" width="400" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img src="http://www.towson.edu/ows/moduleSVAGR34.jpg" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Here is a list of frequently used prepositions:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"> <img border="0" height="118" src="http://www.towson.edu/ows/moduleSVAGR35.jpg" width="341" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A prepositional phrase may be placed between the subject and verb.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <o:p> <img border="0" height="177" src="http://www.towson.edu/ows/moduleSVAGR36.jpg" width="421" /></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the above example, the singular verb <b><i>is</i></b> agrees with the singular subject <b><i>boy</i></b>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sometimes, however, a prepositional phrase inserted between the subject and verb makes agreement more difficult.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"> <img border="0" height="111" src="http://www.towson.edu/ows/moduleSVAGR37.jpg" width="400" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Car</i></b> is the singular subject. <b><i>Was </i></b>is the singular helping verb which agrees with <b><i>car</i></b>. If we aren’t careful, however, we may mistakenly label <b>riders</b> as the subject since it is <u>nearer</u> to the verb than<b><i>car</i></b> is. If we choose the plural noun, <b><i>riders</i></b>, we will <u>incorrectly</u> select the plural verb <b><i>were</i></b>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"> <img border="0" height="68" src="http://www.towson.edu/ows/moduleSVAGR38.jpg" width="400" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><b><u><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Solution to the Prepositional Phrase Problem</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><ul><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Learn the major prepositions.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Be alert for prepositional phrases placed between the subject and verb, and identify the noun in the phrase immediately as the <b><i>object of a preposition</i></b>: An object of a preposition can NEVER be a <b><i>sentence subject</i></b>.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span>Locate the true sentence <b><i>subject</i></b> and choose a verb which agrees with it.</span></li>
</ul><img border="0" height="101" src="http://www.towson.edu/ows/moduleSVAGR39.jpg" width="400" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"></div><ul><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Remember the indefinite pronoun EXCEPTIONS : </span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>S</i></b><i>ome</i>, <b><i>A</i></b><i>ny</i>, <b><i>N</i></b><i>one</i>, <b><i>A</i></b><i>ll</i>, and <b><i>M</i></b><i>ost</i>. The number of <u>these</u> subject words IS affected by a prepositional phrase between the subject and verb.</span></li>
</ul><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=6146381406153166087&postID=4845519662620230916" name="7 Clause"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">A clause</span></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> beginning with </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>who</i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>that</i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, or </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>which</i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> and coming BETWEEN the subject and verb can cause agreement problems.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Like the prepositional phrase, the <b><i>who / that / which</i></b> clause never contains the subject.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <o:p> <img border="0" height="324" src="http://www.towson.edu/ows/moduleSVAGR40.jpg" width="400" /></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><u><br />
</u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><u>TO AVOID SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT ERRORS </u> <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span>Identify <b><i>who / that / which</i></b> clauses immediately.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <o:p> <img border="0" height="96" src="http://www.towson.edu/ows/moduleSVAGR41.jpg" width="489" /></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Locate the true sentence subject and choose a verb that agrees with it.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <o:p> <img border="0" height="103" src="http://www.towson.edu/ows/moduleSVAGR42.jpg" width="494" /></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=6146381406153166087&postID=4845519662620230916" name="8 When"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">When</span></a> a sentence begins with <b><i>there is – there are / here is – here are</i></b>, the subject and verb are inverted. After all that you have learned already, you will undoubtedly find this topic a relatively easy one!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <o:p> <img border="0" height="158" src="http://www.towson.edu/ows/moduleSVAGR43.jpg" width="304" /></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The verb in such constructions is obviously <b><i>is </i></b>or<b><i> are</i></b>. The subject, however, does <u>not</u> come BEFORE the verb.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Instead, the subject in this kind of sentence comes AFTER the verb, so you must look for it AFTER the verb. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <img border="0" height="153" src="http://www.towson.edu/ows/moduleSVAGR44.jpg" width="359" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In this example, because the subject, <b><i>book</i></b>, is singular, the verb must also be singular.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If the subject is plural, however, then the verb must be plural.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <o:p> <img border="0" height="121" src="http://www.towson.edu/ows/moduleSVAGR45.jpg" width="286" /></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In this example, because the subject, <b><i>books</i></b>, is plural, the verb is also plural.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Remember: </b>In <b><i>here is – here are / there is – there are</i></b> constructions, look for the subject </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">AFTER the verb and choose a singular (<i>is</i>) or a plural (<i>are</i>) verb to agree with the subject.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">And finally, sometimes creating a question will cause the subject to follow the verb as well. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Here, identify the subject and then choose the verb that agrees with it (singular or plural).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <o:p> <img border="0" height="236" src="http://www.towson.edu/ows/moduleSVAGR46.jpg" width="325" /></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <o:p> <img border="0" height="352" src="http://www.towson.edu/ows/moduleSVAGR47.jpg" width="460" /></o:p></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span id="goog_851098386"></span><span id="goog_851098387"></span></span></b></span></div>Johori Johanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09545883859701396329noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146381406153166087.post-30905186132720254932011-03-31T08:07:00.000-07:002011-04-17T08:30:09.265-07:00Part of Speech - Article<div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;">An<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>article</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is a kind of adjective which<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>is always used with and gives some information about a noun</i>. There are only two<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>articles</i></span></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></span><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;">and</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="color: #000099;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">the</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;">, but they are used very often and are important for using English accurately.</span></span></b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;">The word</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="color: #000099;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;">(which becomes</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="color: #000099;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">an</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;">when the next word begins with a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>vowel</i></span></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #660000; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></span><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">- a, e</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">, </span></span></b><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">i, o, u</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;">) is called the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>indefinite article<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></i>because the noun it goes with is indefinite or general. The meaning of the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>article</i></span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="color: #000099;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;"> </span></span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;">is similar to the number</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="color: #000099;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">one</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;">but</span></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;"> </span></span></b></span><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">one</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;">is stronger and gives more emphasis. It is possible to say</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="color: #000099;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">I have a</span></b><b><span style="color: #660000; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">book</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;">or<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">I have one book</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;">, but the second sentence emphasizes that I do not have</span></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #66ff99; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></span><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">two</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #66ff99; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;">or<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">three</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;">or some other number of books.</span></span></b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;">The word</span></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #66ff99; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></span><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">the</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">is known as the</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></b></span><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">definite article</span></i></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">and indicates a specific thing. The difference between the sentences</span></b></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></span><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">I sat on<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><u>a</u><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>chair</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #66ff99; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></span><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>I sat on<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><u>the</u><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>chair</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;">is that the second sentence refers to a particular, specific chair, not just any chair.</span></span></b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;">Many nouns, especially<span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span><i>singular</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>forms of<span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span><i>countable</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>nouns which you will learn about later, must have an<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>article</i>. In English, it is not possible to say</span></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #66ff99; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></span><b><s><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">I sat on chair</span></s></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #66ff99; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;">without an<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>article</i>, but a demonstrative or possessive adjective can be used instead of an article as in the sentences</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="color: #000099;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">I sat on<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><u>that</u><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>chair</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #66ff99; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">and</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></b></span></span><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">I sat on<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><u>his</u><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>chair.</span></b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;">Whenever you see an<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>article</i>, you will find a noun with it. The noun may be the next word as in</span></span><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b><b><u><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">the</span></u></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #eeeeee;">man or there may be adjectives and perhaps adverbs between the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>article</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and the noun as in</span></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #66ff99; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></span><b><u><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">the</span></u></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></span><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">very angry, young<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><u>man</u></span></b><b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">.</span></b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #000099; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span></b></div>Johori Johanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09545883859701396329noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146381406153166087.post-53559511996318132762011-03-29T06:17:00.000-07:002011-04-17T07:07:47.652-07:00Body Paragraph<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Previously, we have learned about how to come out with a good introductory paragraph. This time, we need to construct a body paragraph. The following features are as below:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Purpose<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></div><ul><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Support main idea in thesis statement by breaking it down into smaller ideas or subtopics. Ideas in your paragraphs should relate back to the thesis statement.</span></li>
</ul><!--[endif]--><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Form </b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"></div><ul style="line-height: 13.5pt;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Most paragraphs contain between five to ten sentences.</span></li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--> <!--[endif]--><b style="line-height: 13.5pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"></div><div style="line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Key Features:</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><b style="line-height: 13.5pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 13.5pt;"><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1) A Topic Sentence</span></u></b></span></div></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></div><ul><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Most important is because it expresses the main idea of the paragraph.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">REMEMBER! There are several things that you need to remember when writing topic sentences</span></b></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b></b>Topic sentences are always complete sentences</span></li>
</ul><ul><li><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e.g.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><s>Strategies of learning English</s><o:p></o:p></span></div><span style="line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There are many strategies that you can use to help you learn a new language</span></div></span></li>
</ul><ul><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"></span>Contains the topic of paragraph and a controlling idea</span></li>
</ul><ul><li><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e.g.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><s>Companies need to develop more efficient forms of energy.</s> (Does not contain controlling idea)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">* Companies need to develop more efficient form of energy (main idea) such as solar heating panels. (Controlling idea)</span></div></li>
</ul><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></div><ul><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Be Careful! Make sure that your topic sentence does not contain too many controlling ideas!</span></li>
</ul><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><b><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2)Supporting Sentences</span></u></b></span></div></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></div><ul><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sentence that relate to the ideas in the topic sentence.</span></li>
</ul><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><b><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3)Concluding Sentences</span></u></b></span></div></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></div><ul><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Last sentence in a paragraph</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Remind the reader of the main points of a paragraph</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Leave the reader with something to think about in relation to the topic</span></li>
</ul><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Unity:</span></b></span></div></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></div><ul><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Good paragraph have unity.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Unity means that each sentence in the paragraph is related to the topic sentence.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Only discuss <b><i>one</i></b> main idea.</span></li>
</ul><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u>4) Conclusion</u></span></b></span></div></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></div><ul><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Last paragraph in essay</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Complete the essay and reemphasizes the thesis statement or main idea </span></span></li>
</ul><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Technique:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></div><ul><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Prediction - Talks about what might happen in the future. </span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A Recommendation - Often used by a writer after he/she has discussed a problem in an essay.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A Quotation - A relevant quotation can bring good closure to your essay especially if the quotation is from an expert on the topic in your composition.</span></span></li>
</ul><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Useful transition:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt;"></div><ul><li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In conclusion</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In summary</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Thus</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Therefore</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To conclude</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In short</span></li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBDNOxOmWnNafPY9ObxD7uzxwoEFsd4w0XZH1CxiszhECGPU6hiHZzOMiPHCbwxjjA4GyWC2TAbHmJ4BnVXLR201ZzTbJGFf1mOXov_gULhFTq1G4jcLA0Gw_IEjyKUS3fBtdv8YMRXns/s1600/draft.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBDNOxOmWnNafPY9ObxD7uzxwoEFsd4w0XZH1CxiszhECGPU6hiHZzOMiPHCbwxjjA4GyWC2TAbHmJ4BnVXLR201ZzTbJGFf1mOXov_gULhFTq1G4jcLA0Gw_IEjyKUS3fBtdv8YMRXns/s400/draft.jpg" width="376" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div>Johori Johanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09545883859701396329noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146381406153166087.post-57212579471211506132011-03-29T03:03:00.000-07:002011-04-17T03:25:47.841-07:00Active & Passive Voice<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There are two special forms for verbs called <b>voice</b>:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;"></div><ul><li><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Active voice</span></b></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b></b><b>Passive voice</b></span></li>
</ul><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <b>active voice</b> is the "normal" voice. This is the voice that we use most of the time. You are probably already familiar with the active voice. In the active voice, the <b>object</b> receives the action of the verb:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr> <td rowspan="3" style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>active</b><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>subject</b><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>verb</b><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>object</b><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">><o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cats<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">eat<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">fish.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">The <b>passive voice</b> is less usual. In the passive voice, the <b>subject</b> receives the action of the verb:</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr> <td rowspan="3" style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>passive</b><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>subject</b><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>verb</b><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>object</b><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><<o:p> </o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fish<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">are eaten<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">by cats.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">The <b>object</b> of the active verb becomes the <b>subject</b> of the passive verb</span><span style="color: black;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>subject</b><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>verb</b><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>object</b><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>active</b><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Everybody<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">drinks<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>water</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>passive</b><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Water</b><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">is drunk<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">by everybody.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Passive Voice</span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">The passive voice is less usual than the active voice. The active voice is the "normal" voice. But sometimes we need the passive voice. In this lesson we look at how to construct the passive voice, when to use it and how to conjugate it.</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<h2><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></h2><h2><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Construction of the Passive Voice<o:p></o:p></span></span></h2><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">The structure of the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>passive voice</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is very simple:</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">subject + auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (past participle)</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The main verb is<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>always</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in its past participle form.</span></li>
</ul><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Look at these examples:</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">subject</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFCC; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">auxiliary verb (to be)</span></span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFCC; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">main verb (past participle)</span></span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Water<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFCC; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">is</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFCC; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">drunk</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">by everyone.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">100 people<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFCC; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">are</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFCC; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">employed</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">by this company.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFCC; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">am</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFCC; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">paid</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">in euro.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFCC; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">are</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">not<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFCC; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">paid</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">in dollars.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: #FFFFCC; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">Are</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">they<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #FFFFCC; padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">paid</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">in yen?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h2><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></h2><h2><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Use of the Passive Voice<o:p></o:p></span></span></h2><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We use the passive when:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">we want to make the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>active object</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>more important<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">we do not know the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>active subject</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">subject</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">verb</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">object</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">give importance to active object (President Kennedy)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">President Kennedy</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">was killed<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">by Lee Harvey Oswald.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">active subject unknown<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">My wallet<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">has been stolen.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt 5.25pt;" valign="top"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="c2"><b><span style="color: #cccccc; line-height: 115%;">?</span></b></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Note that we always use<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>by</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>to introduce the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>passive object</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(Fish are eaten<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>by</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>cats)</span><span style="color: black;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(Additional Tips)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Look at this sentence:</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He was killed <b>with</b> a gun.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Normally we use <b>by</b> to introduce the passive object. But the gun is not the active subject. The gun did not kill him. He was killed <b>by</b> somebody <b>with</b> a gun. In the active voice, it would be: Somebody killed him <b>with</b> a gun. The gun is the instrument. Somebody is the "agent" or "doer".</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span>Johori Johanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09545883859701396329noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146381406153166087.post-50220944512179814862011-03-08T21:39:00.000-08:002011-04-16T21:43:54.200-07:00Information Transfer from Non Linear to Linear Forms<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">1) Simple tips on how to start the information transfer:</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">Spend 5 minutes reading the graphs/ charts etc.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">Make sure you understand axes.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">Make sure you follow the line of graph.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">Focus on the key information.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">If two graphs - compare</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">Think about the time period-tenses</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">Vary your vocabulary.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">Organize information clearly.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">Write neatly.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 104.25pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">2) Requirements needed to write the information transfer:<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">Title</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">Overview (first paragraph)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">Controlling idea and key features ( third and fourth paragraph )</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">Prediction and proposal ( last paragraph )</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">e.g.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">How Student Spend Their Time after Classes</span></u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The pie chart shows the percentage of student spend their time after classes by having indoor and outdoor activities, going for movies, studying and socializing.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Indoor activities such as playing computer and board games, cooking and collecting stamps shows the most type of activity that students spent after their classes which contributes to 35% of the total number of students as compared to outdoor activities and going for movies which are about 10%.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">As shown in the pie chart, going for movies produced the same percentage with the outdoor activities. This shows that most students preferred to have the indoor activities because it is more relaxing due to their tiring day after the whole day of classes and also without spending much cost due to the budget constrain as a student.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">As can be seen in the pie chart, the different of percentage between socialising and studying is only 5%. This is due to the common activities that relate with each other. For example, students need to do their homework or assignments by communicates with their friends through online chatting in order to have a discussion.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">As prediction, there will be an increasing in percentage of socialising because most of the student spent their time after classes updating their web pages with the latest updated social networking websites such as Facebook, Twitter and so on. Hence, students should have a balance between studies and activities by spending their time wisely.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>Johori Johanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09545883859701396329noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146381406153166087.post-32133157314108331692011-03-03T21:01:00.000-08:002011-04-16T21:19:09.882-07:00Introductory Paragraph - The Outcome<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><u></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We have learned in the class before on how to write a good introductory paragraph. As we know there are 7 types of introductory paragraph. Below are some examples that I took from other groups and compiled it together as my reference.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u>1) PERSONAL EXAMPLES</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b> </b>Almost every night, she would go “clubbing“at the nightspots in Jalan Bukit Bintang and Sultan Ismail, Kuala Lumpur's golden triangle, looking for fun and "extra cash". With her black skin-tight miniskirts with a revealing top, she easily draws attention from the males as soon as she walks into any of these nightspots. The 21 years-old girl, Amy comes from a state in the east coast of West Malaysia. She started as a sales promoter at a shopping centre in the city, but her monthly salary of RM800 is hardly enough for her to survive in KL. To make matters worse, she has to send home approximately RM200 a month for her parents and 5 siblings who are still schooling. It is hard for her since the burden of the family is at her hand. Her family is depending on her (<i>The hook</i>). <i>Amy now lives in a dark situation where she is happy outside not in inside (The transition). </i>There are factors that can cause someone to become a prostitute such as lack of attention from the parents, money problem and negative peers influence (<i>Thesis statement</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u>2) QUOTATIONS</u> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> “Vandalism comes naturally from our soul.” These words come from a teenage boy and his friends who lax in drawing graffiti on the wall of a building. Teenage boys said that this work is a piece of art where they often did this to express their feelings or thoughts about certain things in our life. Furthermore, he said that they also draw the graffiti whenever they feel like doing it. This type of vandalism also does not only involve teenagers but also adults (<i>The hook</i>). However, these teens do not know that they have vandalized the image of the building as well as the environment (<i>The transition</i>). Vandalism can be prevented if the government creates a law that severely restricts vandals in destroying the environment, giving motivational talk as well as giving punishment by doing community service <i>(Thesis statement)</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><br />
</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u>3) FACTS AND STATISTICS</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Prior to the 1980’s, predatory animals were rare sights in rural areas in Malaysia. Even in wilderness areas, bears, tigers, and other predatory animals were rarely being spotted. As far as this concern, people that were attacks with these kinds of animals are not always the friendly animals. Between 1989 and 1995 there have been 14 tigers attack peoples. In one attack, a rubber tapper was killed in his rubber farm near Negeri Sembilan. Attacks by bears and alligators are also increasing during this period of year (<i>The hook</i>). This statistics shows that there is an increasing of wild animal attacks (<i>The transition</i>). The reasons why these animal attacks peoples are because there are hungry feel threatened and try to protect their young (<i>The thesis statement</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u>4) RHETORICAL QUESTION</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Racism is one of the world’s major issues today. Do you aware of how much racism still exists in our school, work forces, and anywhere social lives? Racism very much exists and it is about time that people need to start thinking about the solutions to this matter. Can we achieve One Malaysia’s mission with this kind of mind set? Think about it (<i>The hook</i>). Many people believe that it depends on if a person was brought into the world as a racist or not but that is not the case at all. In fact, an individual cannot be born a racist but only learn to become one asthey grow from child to adulthood (<i>The transition</i>). Basic causes, mai<a href="" name="_GoBack"></a>nstream, institutions, government, anti racism group, and even some hidden event in Malaysia’s past or a few of the possible solutions to racism (<i>The thesis statement </i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u>5) CURRENT EVENTS</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> According to New Straits Times, the latest case was a dead baby girl found floating in a sewage tank behind a girls' college hostel in remote Kelantan two days ago. The decomposed body was found by a group of boys playing nearby. Two more abandoned baby cases were reported that day in Malacca and Kuala Lumpur (<i>The hook</i>). This situation can be caused by many factors which surround us (<i>The transition</i>). Thus, baby dumping is caused by negative social relationship, peer pressure, modern technology and lack of knowledge in individual self. (<i>The thesis statement</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u>6) CONTRAST TO THE THESIS STATEMENT</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Have you heard that being skinny is the ‘it’ thing. Across the globe, teenagers are starving themselves to be skinny. The models force themselves to be skinny and look great. They will do anything such as taking pills and drugs so that they will not gain any weight. Why is this so? Well look around you, the media feeds us constant image of skinny public figure, portraying the fact that being skinny is beautiful. To be fat is a sin (<i>The hook</i>). But is it worth to taking pills and drugs in order to maintain your beautiful figure. Is this an appropriate diet technique? (<i>The transition</i><span style="text-decoration: underline;">). As a matter of fact, the major impact of engaging in extreme diet is nutrition deficiency, diseases and mental problems </span>(<i>The thesis statement</i>).<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><u><br />
</u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7) DEFINITION</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 15.75pt;"> Streptococcus pneumonia, pneumococcal is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults, children, and dogs and it is one the top two isolates found in ear infection. It is more common in the very young and the very old person. It can also be distinguished based on its</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 21px;"> sensitivity to lysis by bile. The bacterium Streptococcus pneumonia is a common cause of secondary pneumonia following heart disease, diabetes, or weakened immune systems such as from HIV (</span><i style="line-height: 21px;">The Hook</i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 21px;">). Nowadays, this infection was spread up towards the world (</span><i style="line-height: 21px;">The Transition</i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 21px;">). <u>According to this infection, it can caused distress as they need more money for the statement, being embarrassment to the other person and reducing self-esteem</u> (<i>The Thesis Statement</i>)</span></span></div>Johori Johanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09545883859701396329noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146381406153166087.post-14354129242867121682011-03-01T20:01:00.000-08:002011-04-16T20:38:16.781-07:00Inference and Prediction<div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><u>INFERENCE</u></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1) What is inference?</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"></div><ul style="line-height: normal;"><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Inference is reading all of the clues and making your best guess</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Inference is similar to prediction but they are not the same</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">When inferring, you are using all clues to draw conclusions about what is being read</span></span></li>
</ul><div style="line-height: normal;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2) When do you make inferences?</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"></div><ul style="line-height: normal;"><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As a reader, you can make inferences during reading</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As a reader, you need to ask yourself questions as you read and make inferences based on what you have read. </span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These inferences may not be about what will happen next</span></span></li>
</ul><div style="line-height: normal;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3) How do you make inferences?</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"></div><ul style="line-height: normal;"><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Inferences are made by questioning during the story</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ask yourself about why a character does something, how a character feels, etc</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To make an inference during reading, you must question yourself</span></span></li>
</ul><div style="line-height: normal;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4) Questions to inferring in a text?</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"></div><ul style="line-height: normal;"><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What will happen next and why?</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What clues have led you to think that?</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Why did that character do that?</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">How does the character feel?</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Why did the author write this story?</span></span></li>
</ul><div style="line-height: normal;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><u><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">PREDICTION</span></b></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1) What is prediction?</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"></div><ul style="line-height: normal;"><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A prediction is what you think will happen based upon the text, the author, and background knowledge</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Prediction is an educated guess as to what will happen</span></li>
</ul><div style="line-height: normal;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2) When do you make predictions?</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"></div><ul style="line-height: normal;"><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As a reader, you can make predictions a text during reading</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In other words, make predictions before and during reading</span></li>
</ul><div style="line-height: normal;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3) How do you make predictions?</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"></div><ul style="line-height: normal;"><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ask yourself what is going to happen next in the story</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ask yourself what else could happen in the story</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To make predictions before and during reading, you must question yourself</span></li>
</ul><div style="line-height: normal;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4) Questions to predict in a text?</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"></div><ul style="line-height: 18px;"><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What is happening in the story?</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What will happen next?</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What clues have led you to think that?</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What else could happen next?</span></li>
</ul><div style="line-height: normal;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What is the difference between prediction and inference?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">When you make predictions, your prediction will be proven by the end of the story. When inferring, you may or may not know the answer to your question by the end of the story</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">When predicting, you are focusing on what will happen in the story. When inferring, you are making a guess about what a character will do, how a character feels, and other judgments.</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Prediction<span> </span>= answered by the end of the story</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Inference = may or may not be answered by the end of the story</span></span></li>
</ul><div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></div></div><div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;"></div><div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;"></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></div><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span>Johori Johanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09545883859701396329noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146381406153166087.post-82493636248758113442011-03-01T12:02:00.000-08:002011-04-16T19:58:18.527-07:00Introductory Paragraph<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">I</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">ntroductory paragraph is one of the most important paragraphs in your essay. The purpose of this paragraph are to get the reader’s attention, set tone for the rest of the essay and make a contract with the reader on what will be covered in this piece. Introductory paragraph consists of three parts. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">The first part is the hook. It is designed to grab the reader’s attention immediately and give some indication about the essay’s topic. The second part is the transition. It moves the reader from the hook to the driving force of the essay. The last part is the thesis which makes the contract with the leader about what will be discussed without a blatant announcement. There consists of 7 types of introductory paragraph. The examples are as followed:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><b><u>1) Personal Examples<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></span></div><br />
<ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 21px;">Provides strong, dramatic incident to use. Honesty in expressing thoughts and feelings will ring true with the reader. While, you can make up the personal experience, be careful that it sounds credible<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0035a8;">.</span></span></b></span></b></span></li>
</ul></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">e.g.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">On Friday, February 19, 2000, life changed for an eighteen-year-old young man. He became very ill from a bacterial infection. His body could not fight the infection. Why? After a week of tests and examinations by several specialists, the diagnosis was made. He had leukemia, a cancer of the bone marrow. I am that young man. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">When a person finds out that he has cancer, just as I did, his whole world changes</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">. </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">A cancer patient is affected physically, psychologically, and socially by the impact of cancer.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><br />
</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><div style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><u><b>2) Quotation<o:p></o:p></b></u></span></span></div><br />
<ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 21px;">Does not have to be form a famous person</span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 21px;">Must be relevant to the thesis statement</span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 21px;">Content of quota should be dramatic, emotional appealing, surprising, humorous</span></b></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></li>
</ul><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 21px;">e.g.</span></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">“The mind is its own place, and in itself can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven.” This thought by John Milton was recorded over four hundred years ago, but it is still timely for us today. He seems to be saying that we are the ones to control our lives. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">We can be miserable when things are going well, just as we can be happy when things are going wrong</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">. </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">With this thought in mind, we can control the way we face life through our attitude, our determination, and our ability.</span></i> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><div style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><u><b>3) Facts and Statistics</b></u><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><u><b><br />
</b></u></span></span></div><br />
<ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 21px;">must be startling or </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 21px;">unusual</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 21px;">must be form a credible source. </span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 21px;">use journal as a place to record both quotes and facts or statistics that might work for an introduction.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">e.g. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">In the desert regions of Arizona, solar homes date back to the pre-Columbian Indians. These people carefully designed their homes in the recesses of south-facing cliffs to receive the warmth of the winter sun. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">In the summer, shade was provided by overhanging cliffs</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><i>Today, as then, the desert-region solar home must be carefully designed to use the sun efficiently in the orientation, the exterior, and the interior. </i></span></span><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><u><b>4) Rhetorical Questions</b></u></span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><b><u><br />
</u></b></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">e.g. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><b style="color: #cccccc;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Why is it that we continue to take Mother Nature for granted? Do we really need a catastrophe to occur before we actually stop our errant ways? </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Research has shown that global warming in now at a very dangerous level. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">If environmental pollution continues to go unchecked, it may not be long before disaster actually strikes</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><i>Hence, it is high time that we did something to stop global warming by cutting down on the use of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), reducing the number of cars on the road and protecting our green lungs</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><div style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><u><b>5) Current Events</b></u><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><u><b><br />
</b></u></span></span></div><br />
<ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 21px;"> must be recent</span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 21px;">must be important</span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">should be made public by newspapers, television or radio</span></span></b></span></span></li>
</ul></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">e.g. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">This morning’s newspaper reported a man who had shot his twenty-three-year-old girlfriend and her nine-month-old child because he believed his girlfriend had transmitted AIDS to him. In 1984, a nurse in Kokomo, Indiana, refused to go into thirteen-year old Ryan White’s hospital room because he had just been diagnosed with AIDS, and in 1987, </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">a bullet shattered his home’s picture window, forcing Ryan and his family to move to Cicero, Indiana, a community twenty miles south</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><i>Though these incidents seem bizarre in civilized America, many people fear AIDS because of the consequences of the disease, the misinformation concerning the disease, and the increasing number of cases of the disease. </i></span></span><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><b><u>6) Contrast to the Thesis Statement</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><div style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
</span></span></div><br />
<ul style="line-height: normal;"><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 21px;">In direct contrast to the thesis statement.</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 21px;"> </span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It is fun to prove an expert wrong.</span></span></b></span></li>
</ul><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 21px;">e.g.</span></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Since the middle 1940s, the female </span><i style="color: #cccccc;">Cannabis sativa </i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">plant, commonly known as marijuana, has been classified by the United States government as a Schedule I drug.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;"> This classification recognizes marijuana as a dangerous narcotic, similar in potency to heroin and possessing no redeeming medicinal qualities. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><i>Research in the last few years, however, has brought many new discoveries in medicine relating to the possible uses of marijuana to treat many different illnesses, including glaucoma, cancer, and phantom limb pain suffered by paraplegics and amputees. </i></span></span><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><b><u>7) Definition</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">e.g.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Haemorrhoids, or piles, are swollen and stretched-out veins which line the upper part of the anal canal and lower rectum. The first symptom is usually bleeding. If the haemorrhoids become larger and bleed during a bowel movement, they generally protrude through the anal canal and are visible as a lump. In this case, they are called ‘prolapsed’. External haemorrhoids is a condition in which a small blood vessel burst just under the surface of the skin at the opening of the anal canal. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">Regardless of type, haemorrhoids cause distress and embarrassment. They hurt, burn, itch, irritate the anal are, and often, bleed. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><i>To save ourselves from all this pain, it is good for us to know the factors which contribute to haemorrhoids and ways to avoid them.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">* THE HOOK, </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;">TRANSITION, </span></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i>THESIS STATEMENT </i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div>Johori Johanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09545883859701396329noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146381406153166087.post-56753177346946961022011-02-22T10:40:00.000-08:002011-04-16T11:52:12.294-07:00Fact & Opinion<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjORBljIVoV8-xeLy8igFiPqE1pl9j4wNPDaURuQlmMCePsnvb_cCRWwE4epYTHjWWBqeeqJjDu1FjL1X4yNzf_V462hCqfzgiOksJGjX0NXU42Xc7WI8VgZ5aDGR4rgrpOOqizEBsG1g/s1600/fact+and+opinion.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjORBljIVoV8-xeLy8igFiPqE1pl9j4wNPDaURuQlmMCePsnvb_cCRWwE4epYTHjWWBqeeqJjDu1FjL1X4yNzf_V462hCqfzgiOksJGjX0NXU42Xc7WI8VgZ5aDGR4rgrpOOqizEBsG1g/s1600/fact+and+opinion.jpg" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">In this topic, we discuss what facts and opinions are, and why students must distinguish between them. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Students are constantly faced with problems of distinguishing between facts and opinions. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">They must be able to distinguish between them because it might affects on how you deal with anything you are told and also how you deliver and pass the information</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">FACTS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">A fact can be defined as something said to have happened or supposed to be true. In addition, a fact is also something that can be tested or proven.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Clues to identify fact:</span></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The use of dates and year</span></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">E.g. Walt Disney was born on 5th December 1901, and died on 15th December 1966.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The use of statistics/ figures/ precise numbers or quantities</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">E.g. Since Edmund Allary and Tenzing Norgay reached the summit of Mount Everest in 1953 more than 1000 climbers from 20 countries have also conquered the 8848 metre mountain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The use of definition</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">E.g. Adolescence can be defined as the stage in a person's life when one develops from a child into an adult.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">When stating a geographical or scientific fact</span></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">E.g. The earth is round.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">OPINIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Opinions are different from facts. An opinion is a conclusion reached by someone after looking at the facts. Opinions are based on what people believe to be facts. Hence, opinion cannot be proven true or false</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Clues to identify opinions:</span></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The use of adjectives which show your point of view or emotions (exciting, fun, excellent, worst, ugly, pretty)</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">E.g. The climb up Gunung Ledang was exciting.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The use of comparison words which show a comparison between two or more things (more, most, better, best, worst, least)</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">E.g. Siti Nurhaliza is the most talented singer in Malaysia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The use of other words which show frequency, possibility, advisability and necessity </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">( probably, likely, perhaps, may, should, must, always )</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">E.g. Sheela is probably still angry with her boyfriend for not remembering her birthday.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The use of phrases which show a belief, a suggestion, a feeling or an opinion (it appears that, in my opinion, I believe, I suggest, I feel, I think)</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">E.g. It appears that, Jasmin and Ayu are both interested </span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> in the same</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div>Johori Johanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09545883859701396329noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146381406153166087.post-54059613461616081522011-02-22T10:28:00.000-08:002011-04-16T10:30:00.675-07:00Effective Listening Skills<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">TO BE SUCCESSFUL AT OUR job or study, we must be able to write, speak, and listen effectively. Of these three skills, effective listening may be the most crucial because we are required to do it so often. Unfortunately, listening also may be the most difficult skill to master.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Effective listening is challenging, in part, because people often are more focused on what they're saying than on what they're hearing in return. According to a recent study by the Harvard Business Review, people think the voice mail they send is more important than the voice mail they receive. Generally, senders think that their message is more helpful and urgent than do the people who receive it.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Additionally, listening is difficult because people don't work as hard at it as they should. Listening seems to occur so naturally that putting a lot of effort into it doesn't seem necessary. However, hard work and effort is exactly what effective listening requires.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In order to understand and implement this matter, below is the basic aspects, methods and some additional information about the skills for our concern:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1) Four (4) basic aspects of effective listening:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"></div><ul style="line-height: 18px;"><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">attitude</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">attention</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">comprehension</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">evaluation</span></li>
</ul><div style="line-height: 18px;"></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2) Methods of effective listening:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Identify the purpose of listening. Try to distinguish between useful information and that which is not.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Not look at the surface meaning of what is being said. Rather, you should look for feelings or the real intention of the speaker. This can be done through familiarising yourself with real spoken language such as the use of in complete sentences, slang, repetitions and others.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Try to guess the meanings of words which are not familiar to you by focusing on the context in which they appear.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Understand that in real life, most of what you listen to is not repeated. In such cases, you are advised to just get the gist of the information and grasp the main ideas presented.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Listen for details or specific information when you listen for the second time to any repeated information such as announcements.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Refrain from immediately responding or answering question. Listen to everything that is being said without unnecessary interruptions.</span></li>
</ul><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3) Basic skills of effective listening (additional information)</span></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><o:p></o:p></span> i - Listening for specific information</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This requires us to listen for specific details related to certain incidents, situations or activities.</span></li>
</ul><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> ii - Listening for main idea</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Find out the general idea or the gist of a listening material</span></li>
</ul>Johori Johanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09545883859701396329noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146381406153166087.post-60501565378919902092011-02-22T02:07:00.000-08:002011-04-17T02:33:27.643-07:00Reference Words<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 18.95pt; margin-top: 15.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This section explains the system used to refer forward or backward from where you are in a text to other words or concepts. You use reference words to show the connections between ideas, giving greater cohesion and clarity to your writing.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 18.95pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">You will already be familiar with the word ‘reference’, meaning conventions for acknowledging authors or documents you have used in your research and reading. You ‘reference’ these authors when you quote them or paraphrase them. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 18.95pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 18.95pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However, the term <i>reference </i>is also used to refer to a system of creating cohesion in a text. Reference words point backwards or forwards to other words or concepts that have already appeared in the text or are about to appear in the text.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 18.95pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 18.95pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the majority of cases, the word has already occurred in the text i.e. the reference word is pointing backwards.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 18.95pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 18.95pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Examples:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie064T9oCkobfFmK1M1mKDTA6nAVcgKqwXW9Sr3RdvJXRg8Dn6bD-rxLiLp6Q6vGMwU77kdF-7e59fJsuExV8iwP-ppWIDs3lk5AA24TD7MbG_9X9KCfX46SKSxoPUDr3fyfGtq01w3Mo/s1600/ref+w+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="66" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie064T9oCkobfFmK1M1mKDTA6nAVcgKqwXW9Sr3RdvJXRg8Dn6bD-rxLiLp6Q6vGMwU77kdF-7e59fJsuExV8iwP-ppWIDs3lk5AA24TD7MbG_9X9KCfX46SKSxoPUDr3fyfGtq01w3Mo/s400/ref+w+1.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 18.95pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 18.95pt; margin-top: 18.75pt; text-align: justify;"></div><ul style="line-height: normal;"><li><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In this sentence,<b> “these” </b>is a reference word pointing back to <b>“phases”</b> in the preceding sentence.</span></i></li>
</ul><div style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Examples:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtKfvEtIDe-WOIQJxRPGT1gZE3ClabFc1BZoWKtFr8usvAimu8iYsU-8q45MsSCjLSoVnAgDOXir2dIOq6EWYvbCC3Hg9gc1IaDybq7BZHgwZ-dWb6gIzn_HwjvmcqneQGqMSgBarwlEs/s1600/ref+w+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="52" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtKfvEtIDe-WOIQJxRPGT1gZE3ClabFc1BZoWKtFr8usvAimu8iYsU-8q45MsSCjLSoVnAgDOXir2dIOq6EWYvbCC3Hg9gc1IaDybq7BZHgwZ-dWb6gIzn_HwjvmcqneQGqMSgBarwlEs/s400/ref+w+2.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 18.95pt;"></div><ul style="line-height: normal;"><li><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In this sentence, “<b>those”</b> is a reference word pointing forwards to the changes requiring only a moderate level of financial support.</span></i></li>
</ul><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: 18.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Reference words are important because they are another way you can strengthen the connections between different elements of your text and clarify the progression of ideas.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: 18.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 18.95pt; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 42.75pt; margin-top: 18.75pt;"><b><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Categories of Reference Words<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 42.75pt; margin-top: 18.75pt;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Personal pronouns<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 42.75pt; margin-top: 18.75pt;"></div><ul style="line-height: normal;"><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The personal pronouns are <i>I, you, she, he, it, we, they</i>.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Because an impersonal style of writing is strongly favoured by most academic disciplines, you may rarely find yourself using pronouns like <i>I, you </i>and<i> we.</i></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The most commonly used personal pronouns in academic writing are<i> it</i> (referring to things) and<i> they</i> (referring to either things or people). In academic writing, ‘things’ are usually phenomena and abstract nouns, and people are usually previous researchers. </span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>He</i> and <i>she</i> may also be used, usually to refer to authors previously mentioned in the text.</span></li>
</ul><div style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Examples:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfkxEsI0KaqccIal5EbUdJ15XgjQTmDVlg-BzCrbMoE_nEAl3-6mT0ami5RIVS4ERcqjD6i6Bn1s2pjT2wgaYGMU3cFE2lTi2T1pVIoD43A3Wg-KxAfM9kahMppl9zpCc5qM7CaBNCTdc/s1600/ref+w+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="71" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfkxEsI0KaqccIal5EbUdJ15XgjQTmDVlg-BzCrbMoE_nEAl3-6mT0ami5RIVS4ERcqjD6i6Bn1s2pjT2wgaYGMU3cFE2lTi2T1pVIoD43A3Wg-KxAfM9kahMppl9zpCc5qM7CaBNCTdc/s400/ref+w+3.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Possessive pronouns<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><ul style="line-height: normal;"><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The possessive pronouns show a relationship of ownership or ‘belonging to’. They are: my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, theirs.</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As with personal pronouns, my and our are not commonly used in academic writing. The most commonly used possessive pronouns in academic writing are its, their, his, her.</span></span></li>
</ul><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9dSDm20uzzt3OgesCQltDsXy7kgcCsiJVt7efeE3TS5Io4wp5pkIgZIH_g3fKVzcNxyP2WDd2_2h6URJZsNT7qZ7FiVVzl3RULimYGzftD226h2_8a4_HSibYlqJvIoC3kUJnT7ZsjUw/s1600/ref+w+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="91" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9dSDm20uzzt3OgesCQltDsXy7kgcCsiJVt7efeE3TS5Io4wp5pkIgZIH_g3fKVzcNxyP2WDd2_2h6URJZsNT7qZ7FiVVzl3RULimYGzftD226h2_8a4_HSibYlqJvIoC3kUJnT7ZsjUw/s400/ref+w+4.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>3. Demonstratives</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Demonstratives are similar to personal and possessive pronouns in that they refer to nouns usually already present in the text. </span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However, they have a stronger pointing quality – they identify (point at) exactly which thing or things are being referred to. </span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The most common demonstratives are: this, that (singular), these, those (plural), such.</span></li>
</ul><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeQvfTCg94bltzt5_JsYMJq6AxMBHX94RsBCqHu-gqUEgckrfHPWRBzbw1ZmBlyYDmWA238Wl_8w57eXzTUywtJcj8rlbb8G-2AC2IW_QC3-pTX-mPNxZcS5GwnwsPYBCJ88ZmCkIf4sY/s1600/ref+w+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="76" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeQvfTCg94bltzt5_JsYMJq6AxMBHX94RsBCqHu-gqUEgckrfHPWRBzbw1ZmBlyYDmWA238Wl_8w57eXzTUywtJcj8rlbb8G-2AC2IW_QC3-pTX-mPNxZcS5GwnwsPYBCJ88ZmCkIf4sY/s400/ref+w+5.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4. Comparatives<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Comparatives are sometimes used as pronouns and sometimes as adjectives. You do not need to be able to distinguish the two because, in both cases, they are being used to refer to something or someone in the text.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Comparatives include words like: another, other, both, similar, the same, better, more, earlier, later, previous, and subsequent.</span></li>
</ul><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVUYC_msDzHjFYWipEIvqA1tlvDpn7aVQ1rBlwnL6NDPkZfvF14oRrCl3S3zZ2UGYjTF5Hbv3wZF_n8HY3bLkEQ9yQulhaxM1nclYoGa7KnM3OcZOQpOh8ZEWQsfXMJXSWJ8dqbcIaktg/s1600/ref+w+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="75" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVUYC_msDzHjFYWipEIvqA1tlvDpn7aVQ1rBlwnL6NDPkZfvF14oRrCl3S3zZ2UGYjTF5Hbv3wZF_n8HY3bLkEQ9yQulhaxM1nclYoGa7KnM3OcZOQpOh8ZEWQsfXMJXSWJ8dqbcIaktg/s400/ref+w+6.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5. The definite article ‘the’<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The definite article the is often used to refer back to something which has already been mentioned in the text and is now occurring for the second (or perhaps the third or fourth) time.</span></li>
</ul><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Examples:</span></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7V9VsGgoCGoOGDqwDuRXZiBEkm_ASBsb-pbL9Z3q_0vR1VQcbx1aZB8yMK7cfKGZZLwcoPd8_BGvDmVdmsLEf6D1-hK5cZjU8a-ZCM7zF8vps9yNJxr0kud-wve2sUkBBwzg9xddhVb0/s1600/ref+w+7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="72" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7V9VsGgoCGoOGDqwDuRXZiBEkm_ASBsb-pbL9Z3q_0vR1VQcbx1aZB8yMK7cfKGZZLwcoPd8_BGvDmVdmsLEf6D1-hK5cZjU8a-ZCM7zF8vps9yNJxr0kud-wve2sUkBBwzg9xddhVb0/s400/ref+w+7.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The definite article can also be used to point (refer) forwards, although this is less common.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Note that the definite article is not always used referentially.</span></li>
</ul><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Examples:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEgJatIbzYUdN1Qkds4ZqMi6rMBm5hCFZmM9n743Et3IJcAygcbNIHTA3gNUlJQAETaWAZWhcKy6Gq3fto0tkUTSTK54zSPoz_16Jh0gz12J4JckeUa-p0soHi9eKwwmpWQ-3wLHelgpE/s1600/ref+w+8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="72" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEgJatIbzYUdN1Qkds4ZqMi6rMBm5hCFZmM9n743Et3IJcAygcbNIHTA3gNUlJQAETaWAZWhcKy6Gq3fto0tkUTSTK54zSPoz_16Jh0gz12J4JckeUa-p0soHi9eKwwmpWQ-3wLHelgpE/s400/ref+w+8.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6. General reference<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Usually a reference word is tied to a word, phrase or other grammatical element which is clearly identifiable in the preceding or subsequent text.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However, sometimes a reference word refers back to an entire stretch of text – perhaps even a paragraph or two - without referring to any one particular component of it. In this case, the reference word has the function of summarising the preceding information.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The words most commonly used to do this are the demonstrative pronouns this and these.</span></li>
</ul><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Example:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlZJwXNB7I-vMBuNk6KDXQi1wl8NpsiiOlHqW5o4DRx2FrXnUqU_mNiRxIF0gTcg53zZBhdPwgEVcQAHbSg4N5ktn4hH8IN7MzfXY1c_xe8niULWWFdlULYa61_lKpAE5iFq6jJAd1VP8/s1600/ref+w+9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlZJwXNB7I-vMBuNk6KDXQi1wl8NpsiiOlHqW5o4DRx2FrXnUqU_mNiRxIF0gTcg53zZBhdPwgEVcQAHbSg4N5ktn4hH8IN7MzfXY1c_xe8niULWWFdlULYa61_lKpAE5iFq6jJAd1VP8/s400/ref+w+9.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><div><br />
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</div></div>Johori Johanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09545883859701396329noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146381406153166087.post-12712684278951843452011-02-17T04:41:00.000-08:002011-04-16T08:22:01.063-07:00Part of Speech<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">Learning about the parts of speech is the first step in grammar study just as learning the letters of the alphabet is the first step to being able to read and write. From learning the parts of speech we begin to understand the use or function of words and how words are joined together to make meaningful communication.</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">Miss Zu has taught us on how to use the parts of speech. It consists of 9 parts include Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Pronouns, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Interjections and Articles. To ensure all students are really understood about this lesson, we are required to make a presentation about this topic. We have been divided into 8 groups and each group needs to present any parts of speech. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">My group members are Marini and Nurdalila. We have been assigned to present about prepositions. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"></span>A preposition is a word shows relationships among other words in the sentence. The relationships include <i>direction, place, time, cause, manner </i>and <i>amount</i>. In the sentence, “She went to the store”, <u>to</u> is a <i>preposition</i> which shows <i>direction</i>. In the sentence, “He came by bus”, <u>by</u> is a preposition which shows manner. In the sentence, “They will be here at three o'clock”, <u>at</u> is a <i>preposition</i> which shows<i> time</i> and in the sentence, “It is under the table”, <u>under</u> is a <i>preposition</i> which shows <i>place</i>.</span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">A preposition always goes with a noun or pronoun which is called the <i>object of the preposition</i>. The <i>preposition</i> is almost always before the noun or pronoun and that is why it is called a preposition.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">The preposition and the object of the preposition together are called a prepositional phrase. The following chart shows the prepositions, objects of the preposition and prepositional phrases of the sentence above</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
<br />
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Preposition<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.6pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Object of the Preposition<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Prepositional<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">To<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.6pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">The store<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">To the store<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">By<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.6pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Bus<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">By bus<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">At<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.6pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Three o’clock<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">At three o’clock<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Under<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 217.6pt;" valign="top" width="290"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">The table<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Under the table<o:p></o:p></span></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Prepositional phrases</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> are like idioms and are best learned through listening to and reading as much as possible. </span>Below are some common <i>prepositions</i> of <i>time</i> and <i>place</i> and examples of their use.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDK7i5kMQF_cjWsI45G-2n_4o-WTmC25oVk_ARJppGEl5g4Ozy6bUM5gkiMXJFqScl20swTuBxK4zcmqrLhyLzB7FciwpIi8An0nik-Avn6CHqucNCnbc9pXSZ3uELjXADZFJQY8FKRtc/s1600/prepositions-of-place.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDK7i5kMQF_cjWsI45G-2n_4o-WTmC25oVk_ARJppGEl5g4Ozy6bUM5gkiMXJFqScl20swTuBxK4zcmqrLhyLzB7FciwpIi8An0nik-Avn6CHqucNCnbc9pXSZ3uELjXADZFJQY8FKRtc/s320/prepositions-of-place.jpg" width="320" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><u>Prepositions of Time:</u></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><u><br />
</u></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">- at two o'clock<br />
- on Wednesday<br />
- in an hour, </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> in January; in 1992<br />
- for a day<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-decoration: underline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></u></span></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><u>Prepositions of place:</u></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><br />
- at my house<br />
- in New York, in my hand<br />
- on the table<br />
- near the library<br />
- across the street<br />
- under the bed<br />
- between the books</span></span></div>Johori Johanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09545883859701396329noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146381406153166087.post-26807458331913712662011-01-28T05:44:00.000-08:002011-04-16T05:57:00.197-07:00Pre-Writing Techniques<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">A lot of students don’t appreciate the importance of pre-writing or brainstorming or warming up to write. Often they want to sit down and start putting pen to paper immediately. However taking a few minutes to think and plan and get your brain working is an important part of writing a good essay. If you know what you are going to say, you can concentrate more on grammar and style while you write. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">So here are a couple of good exercises to give students in order to help their brain warm up before they get to writing. Some of these techniques are more appropriate for thinking about fiction writing or personal writing and others are better for preparing an academic essay, but generally any kind of pre-writing will be useful.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">1) Pre-writing - the technique used are:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Brain-storming (brainstorm for an idea and point)</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Mind-maping (generate and classify the idea)</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Free writing (pre-writing technique for a set period of time without regard to spelling and grammar)</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Quick writing (involve creative and critical thinking)</span></span></li>
</ul><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">2) Planning and organizing<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Essay outline to write a clear well-focused piece of with sensible ideas and meaningful.</span></span></li>
</ul><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">3) Drafting<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">The process of writing down ideas, organizing them into a sequences, and providing the reader with a frame for understanding these ideas.</span></span></li>
</ul><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">4) Revising & editing<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">Re-check the essay</span></span></li>
</ul><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">5)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"> Conclusion</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Final essay</span></span></li>
</ul><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><br />
</span></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEDJzFsV6TMTQlft5oGkzQD3L__laDv5D9E_93_4e1zw2hKPqqBqQuHWkLLgiFbY7GMhaD3KxYnlHE3m7PobEozhX8eXE9wQn02FQwWp0QrvndYc6Rx21RcC5QuRmCSMTHVPp1jDN4xAY/s1600/prewriting_image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEDJzFsV6TMTQlft5oGkzQD3L__laDv5D9E_93_4e1zw2hKPqqBqQuHWkLLgiFbY7GMhaD3KxYnlHE3m7PobEozhX8eXE9wQn02FQwWp0QrvndYc6Rx21RcC5QuRmCSMTHVPp1jDN4xAY/s320/prewriting_image.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Johori Johanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09545883859701396329noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146381406153166087.post-68578391437924676032011-01-25T08:22:00.000-08:002011-04-16T08:49:04.352-07:00Contextual Clues<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">CONTEXTUAL CLUES are words, phrases or sentences within the article that can help readers to deduce meaning without referring to the dictionary. Text book writers usually know when they must use a word that will be new to their student readers. So they often include other words or phrases to help with the understanding of the new word. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">These words or phrases are referred to as context clues. They are built into the sentences around the difficult word. If you become more aware of the words around the difficult words you encounter in your reading, you will save yourself many trips to the dictionary. You will be able to make logical guesses about the meanings of many words.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">As the introduction of this topic, Miss Zu has shown us a poem that we were never heard before. The meanings of some certain words used in this poem are difficult to understand. Hence we need to identify it using contextual clues. The title of the poem is “Jabberwocky”.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">"Jabberwocky" is a poem of nonsense verse written by Lewis Carroll, originally featured as a part of his novel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (1872). The book tells of Alice's travels within the back-to-front world through a looking glass.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">While talking with the White King and White Queen (chess pieces), she finds a book written in a strange language that she can't read. Understanding that she is travelling in an inverted world, she sees it is mirror-writing. She finds a mirror and holds it up to a poem on one of the pages, to read out the reflection of "Jabberwocky". She finds it as puzzling as the odd land she has walked into, which we later discover is a dreamscape.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">It is considered to be one of the greatest nonsense poems written in the English language. The playful, whimsical poem became a source of nonsense words and neologisms such as "galumphing", "chortle", and "Jabberwocky" itself.<o:p></o:p></span></div></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib6PM99Wjz9f2pGYJL6OPvnGDNJ-PNzV51b288j6Yew0z5tbbppQkb_-HbTgye19LTupad3AGcvY2ocCI-4oTAoZ4JnyS0JhpADjAzTtlw5dN5W89JCYE4saj-CP1F3BGbDWAl1NwyCKo/s1600/220px-JabberwockyPoster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib6PM99Wjz9f2pGYJL6OPvnGDNJ-PNzV51b288j6Yew0z5tbbppQkb_-HbTgye19LTupad3AGcvY2ocCI-4oTAoZ4JnyS0JhpADjAzTtlw5dN5W89JCYE4saj-CP1F3BGbDWAl1NwyCKo/s320/220px-JabberwockyPoster.jpg" width="214" /></span></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">`Twas brillig, and the slithy toves<br />
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe:<br />
All mimsy were the borogoves,<br />
And the mome raths outgrabe</span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
"Beware the Jabberwock, my son!<span></span><br />
The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!<br />
Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun<br />
The frumious Bandersnatch!"<o:p></o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">He took his vorpal sword in hand:<br />
Long time the manxome foe he sought --<br />
So rested he by the Tumtum tree,<br />
And stood awhile in thought.<o:p></o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">And, as in uffish thought he stood,<br />
The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,<br />
Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,<br />
And burbled as it came!<o:p></o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">One, two! One, two! And through and through<br />
The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!<br />
He left it dead, and with its head<br />
He went galumphing back.<span></span><o:p></o:p></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">"And, has thou slain the Jabberwock?<br />
Come to my arms, my beamish boy!<br />
O frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!'<br />
He chortled in his joy.</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
`Twas brillig, and the slithy toves<br />
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;<br />
All mimsy were the borogoves,<br />
And the mome raths outgrabe.</div></span></span>Johori Johanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09545883859701396329noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146381406153166087.post-46613046858821379812011-01-18T03:27:00.000-08:002011-04-17T04:05:01.614-07:00Name Poem<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I am shocked when I heard that Miss Zu asked each of everyone in the class to write a poem. In my mind I was thinking that we need to write some sort like a Shakespeare's poem and if I am not mistaken, on that time, we were learning about Adjective. What's on earth do you think that learning adjective relates with poem writing. After she gave the explanation about the purpose of doing that, then I am completely understood. She asked us to write a Name Poem. Name poems are<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"> simple poems in which each the first letter of each line forms a word or phrase vertically. It uses each letter of the name to begin an inspiring phrase and usually we used an adjective to describe a person. This type of poem is easy to write because it gives you a concrete format in which to write. As usual, Khalis will be my partners. I wrote him and he wrote me (seriously, it do sound gay.. =_='). Below is Khalis's name poem that I wrote special for him (again, it do sound gay x_x').</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_dEE3D_sSO72Frew1JWQgJKe1Dn9udEb4WcMQmhNJpPyTIdM88-z6n7Pp6Y56glR-nd5uoeCV9QmCDfVKaFhb84yLAhVebwaHI0Xb5o0hwKtLuQ2ZfeI9L8mKT91NFJ38QDuqZHYOAzY/s1600/Name+Poem.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_dEE3D_sSO72Frew1JWQgJKe1Dn9udEb4WcMQmhNJpPyTIdM88-z6n7Pp6Y56glR-nd5uoeCV9QmCDfVKaFhb84yLAhVebwaHI0Xb5o0hwKtLuQ2ZfeI9L8mKT91NFJ38QDuqZHYOAzY/s400/Name+Poem.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><br />
</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><i>p/s: In order to avoid from someone accusing me that I'm a gay, I gave this poem to this girl (anonymous) who has crushed on Khalis...hehehe..sori Khalis.. :p...I think she do likes you..</i></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>Johori Johanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09545883859701396329noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146381406153166087.post-57460982187151775432011-01-13T05:22:00.001-08:002011-04-13T05:48:09.942-07:00Ice Breaking Session<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqfPdL3cSddNeuPN5HH8JoyScBt-MpAUE2uCOR3MdtebDLvSz3tVMoZyTdP_iLY8XL8X9sZR-Xe0omtRfX8qr5vDpF3r2khK32L7BnulzDTReUi5HnbPU3m-vAGFZCaoua7sGRhWQdFlU/s1600/khalis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqfPdL3cSddNeuPN5HH8JoyScBt-MpAUE2uCOR3MdtebDLvSz3tVMoZyTdP_iLY8XL8X9sZR-Xe0omtRfX8qr5vDpF3r2khK32L7BnulzDTReUi5HnbPU3m-vAGFZCaoua7sGRhWQdFlU/s320/khalis.jpg" width="160" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL_QxmI7GWjuutS_7Hfvgi7ApKVjVwaG230y64igMHWgtE6zV4qHTKg0z3J6M6NMiI5KBB_RARyafasoxjY_w8Q7MdGUv8XSHv1ZqWTtwqTXZfV8BqxtNcf7rU2aFt0H1e-m6UwrXRpz8/s1600/polo+shirt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL_QxmI7GWjuutS_7Hfvgi7ApKVjVwaG230y64igMHWgtE6zV4qHTKg0z3J6M6NMiI5KBB_RARyafasoxjY_w8Q7MdGUv8XSHv1ZqWTtwqTXZfV8BqxtNcf7rU2aFt0H1e-m6UwrXRpz8/s200/polo+shirt.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hey there! For your info, I have been through a lot of ice breaking sessions before and this time, it’s totally different. As mentioned before, we have been asked by Miss Zu to introduce our partner and in additional, we need to describe him/her with any object that we might think possessed the similar characteristics by literally. So Khalis will be my partners in this </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">session. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In my opinion, I try to describe Khalis as a ‘Polo Shirt’. You guys want to know why? First, let me tell you all about Polo Shirt. It is not just a typical type of shirt. It is an exclusive collared T-Shirt that has many kind of cool design. A man who wears it looks smart, style and has the high level of confidence. As far as I am concern, Khalis has that kind of characteristics and I am sure, he knows it to.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">(p/s): Khalis, please do not be too cocky..I’m just follow the procedure..hahahaha..just kidding :p</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;"><br />
</span></div>Johori Johanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09545883859701396329noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146381406153166087.post-88573517825176128122011-01-06T03:23:00.000-08:002011-04-12T03:43:09.595-07:00Learning Outcomes (MOHE-LO)<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">I'm still remember on the first week of class, Miss Zu had told us about 9 MOHE</span><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"> attributes which is something new and I never heard it before. She did explain about it briefly in our class. The following details as below:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 90.0pt;"><b><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">Learning Outcomes (MOHE-LO)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">Are observable indicators or evidence of actual student learning (with direct measures – through student knowledge and performance [test papers, projects, demonstrations etc] or indirect measures – student behaviour, attitudes or values [alumni, interviews, focus groups etc.]) The learning outcomes are</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6jcUkNznS2_lIFkIg1up4sXsTxOn-kPPIW6yOA4QsYuJEAb0CJ6cIVXdti8pdCGsFZp9ixBhTGvlf1H54IMYeHpgMMlOoZMf74nu8rpks0pCNilp8seNcUTWKK0f5zeNKRtO2Zq-Zy6s/s1600/mohe+logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6jcUkNznS2_lIFkIg1up4sXsTxOn-kPPIW6yOA4QsYuJEAb0CJ6cIVXdti8pdCGsFZp9ixBhTGvlf1H54IMYeHpgMMlOoZMf74nu8rpks0pCNilp8seNcUTWKK0f5zeNKRtO2Zq-Zy6s/s200/mohe+logo.jpg" width="192" /></a><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">1. Knowledge</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">2. Practical Skills</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">3. Thinking and scientific skills</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">4. Communication skills</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">5. Social skills, teamwork and responsibility</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">6. Values, ethics, moral and professionalism</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">7. Information management and lifelong learning skills</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">8. Managerial and entrepreneurial skills </span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Bg_t0wEhEPltqPXRB28pjDoRdFBcXz9C8wROZGuw8_eY7ylD3CeAVItq-G5btIajvFOsi7SUtaSQDuudWWVS8BExLuCFJ2aPxon2W1XlR9doUrXli7K04HW-DC3Jw7Zde0q2Ts2UXzQ/s1600/uitm+logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="90" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Bg_t0wEhEPltqPXRB28pjDoRdFBcXz9C8wROZGuw8_eY7ylD3CeAVItq-G5btIajvFOsi7SUtaSQDuudWWVS8BExLuCFJ2aPxon2W1XlR9doUrXli7K04HW-DC3Jw7Zde0q2Ts2UXzQ/s200/uitm+logo.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;">9. Leadership skills</span><span style="font-family: "Century Gothic","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><br />
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<table border="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: 'Century Gothic', 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif, Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 730px;"><tbody style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> </tbody></table>Johori Johanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09545883859701396329noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6146381406153166087.post-25328064315481647392011-01-04T01:16:00.000-08:002011-04-12T02:55:35.347-07:00Hello there!<div style="line-height: 14.25pt; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivnupx9QCRx08xXVoCHFyfn5WEw-5uQC982QZp1Cs5dASU8CU1fLIM4Hnbn8U0drNTQ_kPxXC1FxFrQn7qTVznAkXyYrRjpwjgQ9pLqgmQA7WBn9XKtgLyilQ2SJ1uYPWsI1-mNqhVNQg/s1600/DSC_0294.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivnupx9QCRx08xXVoCHFyfn5WEw-5uQC982QZp1Cs5dASU8CU1fLIM4Hnbn8U0drNTQ_kPxXC1FxFrQn7qTVznAkXyYrRjpwjgQ9pLqgmQA7WBn9XKtgLyilQ2SJ1uYPWsI1-mNqhVNQg/s320/DSC_0294.JPG" width="211" /></a></div><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;">From the early semester, the students are asked to stand up in front of the class and talk about 'Myself'. It is a simple name given for 'Self -introduction'. Through this talk, one is expected to explain all about themselves- about their own character, family background, members of the family, and all the other details that are related. So I did briefly talk about myself, but I try to make it short and simple. Hence, in my blog, I try to write it in details. I am</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"> the youngest member in the family. Though my real name is JOHORI (but people do correct it as JOHARI), I am called 'Joe' by all the members in the family and also among my friends. My eldest brother open up a business, provide a pest control services. My second brother also run a business, act as an entrepreneur and motivator. My third brother is working in Malaysia Integrated Shipping Company (MISC) as an Oiler. My mother, being a house wife, stays close to the family and is ready to respond to each and every call made by the others in the family. My father past away since I’m 2 years old. So If you guys do want to know further about me, just add my FACEBOOK (Johori Johan Cheah) and please do not hesitate to contact me at +6019-375 2267. Cheers!!! ;-)</span></span></div>Johori Johanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09545883859701396329noreply@blogger.com0